1991-02-14 — Page 27

(27)育敬 開港 日十三月二十年午庚曆夏

報日僑

典巴士 "

.五年,但性能保養

·年出廠的雙層巴士 .該輛在一九五八

啟用儀式。 第二部古典巴士行

露進一步情形。 限公司於中區爲城巴 日聯同令與熊酒吧有 埤巴有限公司前

商業秘密,故不尤透

·經在倘敦行駛逹二十

好,經城巴工程部花了近半年的時間,換上全

租賃。 集古村路線,接就遊疗外,道可供私人或團推 典巴士除了每日定期行走天星碼頭至海洋公園 景色或用作宣傳事宜,亦至落合適。因此,古 .十年代式設計,洋徒懷舊色彩,無論於此卻覺

• 這古典城巴外形古雅-全車設備仿照三

立一個以深水埗政務事 道上售實濕貨的小販, 內・與其他政府部門成現在深水埗街市附近街 販,並商於未來半年 通州街,將會用來容納

校目前深水埗街市上海路

【特訊】市政總署}類小販。 兩個臨時街市,用來容 現正策劃在深水步興建 現正饿F在深水埗興建 他表示,市政總署

擬建兩臨時街市

安置深水埗小販

小昄情况。:

稱,由於鴨寮街部份小 務總署深水埗級務事件 關鴨寮街小販問題時 張氏指出,由政 回答馮檢基議頁詢問有別是在哪寮街一帶。一 昨在市政局公楼月會上街上擺賣乾貨小販,特 事務委員會主席張有興 考慮如何能風整其餘在 . 市政局街市及販 後 - 市政總署才有機會

·小販遷入兩個臨時街市

|仍未物色到適合一九年的道,到

經營的地點用以容納近滅至一百七十五名。」

據現行政策規定,這類一般的數目已經減少遠超 一點作離街小販市場,根過去兩年左右,無牌小 先分之五十,一九八八

法是試行物色適合的地點,他說:「其實,在

. 另一項正研究的辦况,

排溎些小販成爲街市租來·長期致力改善這一 "帶的整體環境和擺育情

主化的一 但都認爲九一年的三級議會選舉是香港步向民 社工、工程及醫護人員,他們雖無直接參選,

氣氛冷淡,

在選舉中的權益,

。現於新春制离店 推出一套莲恩遴

傳各有關選區 區張貼海底

廣,並應在各

·啟棋,免費派發 曲豊專 範圍、候選人

同時小組亦

聲明:...

甄选展發表以下

就近日區議會選任

强加府政促體團

舉選會議區傳宣

地點及拉票根

回他酒师

區議會選舉在畫 加選 体上仍米足夠。力湯 教育·詞 香港政府對目前所會 中城之外,應 他們鸡jn 除着限於議席

電子媒介以作推,

性選擇

「反共同協助代理经

加强宣傳推動

有關社團亦應督促獲選者實踐承諾

掉這次選舉的公民教育作用。而各與市民權益

具作發

政用繩

1991 中學會考預習專欄 明德出版社

MILE & DALE PRESS

The changes in concentrations of A and 8. respectively with time is described by the Concentration-Time the changes in the Curve while rates of forward and reverse reactions with time is described by the Rate-Time Curve:

Concentration

The Concentration-Time Curve

Chemistry (20)

the products) in the equilibrium mixture..

3.2 The equilibrium is said to move to a new position if there is a change in the relative concentrations (or amounts) of the substances in the mixture.

of

3.3 The equilibrium position

chemical system is a constant under a particular set of conditions. It will charge to a new one when there is d change in the conditions.

Concentration of A

Constant Concentration

3.4 The

Chemical

Conc

Unit 11: Reviston Notes on

Equilibrium sa

1. Reversible Reactions

1.1. A reversible reaction is one which can proceed in either direction, under different sets of conditions.

reversible reaction

"double consists of a half-arrows" with one denoting. the. reaction to the right the forward

reaction to the left (the backward.

1.2. The

equation

of a

·ather the

the

Thorate-line Currve

Reaction rate

Time

direction of

shifting

equilibrium: position can' be predicted by Le Chatelier's Principle..

Le Chatelier's Principle states that if a stress (ie., a change in

concentration temperature,

pressure, etc.) is applied to a ̇system initially at equilibrium, its equilibrium position will shift. to a new one in such a direction: is nullified: stress that the (removed).

3.5 Predicting the shifts:

Equilibrium Positions.

direction of the shift of equilibrium position.

reactfan)......and.

or reverse reaction).

e.g. 2Fe(s) + 3H2019)...

forward reaction

Fe2O3(s) + 3H2(g}

Forward ratė..

(1). Concentrationchange.

Røver se rate wa

Reverse: reaction

[A]10

Ag

denotes the

equilibrium,

2.5 The

Temperature. I

Pressure 1

A(g) 28(g).

Pressure

西由於競投事宜涉及

·四期星 日四十月二(一九九一)年十八國民華中

綫道奴當麥投競巴三 爭競性良屬為認者業

務服入投車典古部二第巴城

|

外對香港市民有

們對中巴及九巴 歡迎 - 並將爲性號 #當奴道锺服换表示

對香港市民有益。 士啓用煙後表示, 他 日新前日出席古典巴 城巴董事經理李

【特訊》·城巴

迎您對

對九巴及中巴拉來

本8港岛新聞

二風南

石·都不會切断落成泰張個低府錢..

泰旦與白底青

短酒的國際聲譽慢慢地培養 國外,特別是英國,令到些

·葱和釀酒,於是他們大盘谁 艄至西班牙其他各地及

需來,才有今日的地位。

張君默

(b) There

are

equal gases on both side of →

number moles af

20(g) 2

no effect

D(g) + E(g)

Suranary of the Factors and their Effects on Chemical Equilibra

Factor

Changes

Type of reversible reaction

Attaloment of

Cifact on 1162 Sur

position

Concentration tecrasse Ta

-Pastor

concentration

to substance

X to component

Temperatura.

of

Catalyst

of aqu1||brlum

Txture

Decrease ta concentration

at a substanc

x (s component

fot equilibriumi Întxtura).

Incense in

Decrease In temperature

中

Any

Foster

Mast

14' shitis In such a direction

ro as to outer the conc tion of X.

at shifts in such a direction so as to relse the concentration of x.

number of molecules o both sides of

(b) Reactions.with

# unequal number of gas

Faster Both forward and reverse- rogatlana ere speedod sp but not to the

isage extent

Slover.

Both

forward and reverse reactions]

are stound down,

[but not to 110

an exter

Faster Bates of both forward and reverse reactions era Increased to the same extent.

Stower. Rates of

both forward And Faversa rasetions? larw daernas透你 Ithe same extent Faster: similar

to the affect of

Increase In concentration,

It shifts to a new position with a higher proportios.ot substance(s) formed by the andothermic rotation, les, The andazhirnte react lot 15 fevoured,

It shifts, to a new position

with higher proportion of substandals). Formed by the sothermal function, Jean

the weatherxic reaction is favoured.

No 51fect

Festor

It shifts to the side having awablentimbar of gas.

2. Chemical Equilibrium

a

2.1 When. 白 reversible reaction is allowed to proceed in closed vessel, it i7.1 never 40 to completion but reách ล state of equilibrium.

2.2 Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic equilibrium because at this stage both the forward and the reverse reactions proceed at the same rate. 2.3 A chemical system at equilibrium will not show any more changes in its macroscopic. properties with respect to time.

2.4 Consider a hypothetical reversible

reaction: AR.

1991 中學會考預習專欄

明德出版社

̇MILL & DALE PRESS

Channel of Distribution: Wholesalers

V. Functions of Wholesalers

2. Services to the retailer

a. Breaking hulk

equilibri

te Sof reversibl reaction can be reached

end of the reaction.

3. Equi fibrium Position

3.1 The equilibrium position of a chemical .system.....at dynamic equilibrium denotes the relative concentrations (or amounts) of the wances (1.e. the reactants and

HO

GK

[A]1 or [B]!

(2) Temperature change

A(g)/ 2B(g); △H=-

Temperature |

(3) Catalyst - No effect

(4) Pressure change.

圖

Pressure

Increase In

texly

affecting.

(a): There are different number of

moles of gases on both sides of

b. Specialist Wholesalers

They generally stock and deal in a narrow range of goods.

They limit. their business trade to particular types of goods.

Commerce (20)

C. Brokers'

Wholesalers break. bulk by selling in retailers.

smaller

iots : to

The need for the retailers to hold large stock level can be reduced.

b. Providing plentiful supplies of goods

Wholesalers provide advice on "best buys".

They offer a wide variety of goods from many different producers and display them as necessary.

c. Preparing the goods for resale

They generally grade, prepack, blend and price goods.

d, Reducing the transport cost.

By operating. a fleet of vetiicles, delivery of joods. can be efficiently arranged as and when required. Transport costs can thus be reduced,

e. Providing an information link

Details of new products from the producers can be given to retailers.

They also pass retailers'' suggestions and complaints back to producer,

f. Providing credit

They offer credit to retailers, thereby reducing the amount of capital required by the retailer.

3. Services to the public (the consuner)

a. Market knowledge.

Consumers wants and needs are to be fulfilled as wholesalers pass on suggestions and complaints from the consumer to the producer.

b. Expert buying and selling

They act as an expert buyer in the wide selection of goods from many different producers. They also will be on the Tookout for the new products, thus consumers can be given varieties of choices.

Price stability

Wholesalers enable to smooth out fluctuations in supply and. demand by

(i) holding adequate large stocks,

(ii) predicting future market demand; and

(iii) buying in advance of demand.

In so doing, the wider price fluctuation can be eliminated.

d. Stable supply

The consumer can obtate a steady flow of goods at steady prices all the year round.

VL Types of Wholesalers

Wholesalers could be broadly divided in the following:

a. General Wholesalers

They generally stack a wide variety of goods,

As large warehouses are required in the operation of general

wholesalers, the requirement or capital to finance their operation is usually large,

圖文傳眞

5594238

熱線電話 熟誠服務

5462583

5464459

@每日下午五點半截稿 #

A broker arrange deals for sellers and buyer's!

motazules o

the side of

Reactions with lower siller

ŝto the sifact of

number or gas decreases i

aculos on concentration- both sides al

b) Reactions: with an unoqual number of gas

malacutos on

the sides ot

ARIES

Genera

Specialist/

Neither does a broker possess the goods in which he deals Administratori Operations nor he take charge of their delivery..

Brokers receive a commission as their rewards in exchange!

with work on behalf of a principal.

A broker: cannot sign the contract under his name on beha of his principal.

d. Factors

These are a special type of agent in that they s

elling but not buying goods for their Tipkipals. Compared brokers factors potes the goods in which they deal and my sign to tracts under brown names. Factors can eans commisia their rewards.

e. Del Credere agents

An additional and higher commission may be earned since the Del Credere agents guarantee a sale for their principals. In so doing, these agents take up an extra risk of unsold goods on their hands.

f. Cash and carry wholesalers

They:generally deal in. fast-movinggoods. Self-service. convenience of opeling hours and breaking: bulk to the demands of small retailers are its common features. However, they do not provide credit and transport facilities.

VII. Declining importance of wholesalers and its justification for

the continuing functions

1. There has been decreasing importance of the wholesalers in the

distribution of goods from producers to consumers.

2.

The other ways in which their role can be replaced are follows:

large retailers

Consumers'

a. Producers ---

Giant retailers can buy in bulk from producers.

b, Producers - Producers' own shops -e Consumers

as

To obtain direct control over the sales of their products to the public, producers set up their own shops to make direct selling.

c. Producers --- Mail order - Consumers

Direct selling can make possible when producers sell goods. through mail order.

d. Producers Retailers (technical goods)

--Consumers

Technical products like cars and personal computer's have been directly sold by producers to retailersc

Suggest Five reasons for the declining importance of wholesalers in the distribution of goods.

The reasons are:

a. Giant retailers huy bulk from the producers. They enable t切

undertake the wholesaling function.

h, large producers enable to make direct selling to retailers so

as to exercise direct control over the market:sales.

c. Sorting. grading and packing functions are taken over by

producers.

d. Some-large producers set up thein cin retail outlets.

e Short distances in Hong Kong facilitate the transport, thus

reducing the transport cost.

VIII.Organization of Wholesale Warehous

the

organization cf

a wholesale warehouse will Generally. depend upon the type and range of products being dealed with, and the size of the wholesaling operation.

Its efficient management could be well demonstrated by having the following structure:

(廣分)

(告類

報日僑華

Department

No effact

Stover

It shifts to the side having

a grester aunbar, di gas

Wholesale. Warehouse

Purchasing -Unit

Receiving Unit

Transport Unit

Financial Department

Marketing

Department.

'As shown in the above organization chart; there are four main

aspects:

a. The General Administration Department

in" charge of office management It is administration.

b. The Specialist/Operations Department

It has consisted of four functional units:

.Ï.

and

personnel

Purchasing Unit: The purchasing. manager/buyer is

finding responsible for

the plentiful sources of

product supply.

ii. Receiving Unit: Functionally, it is taking charge of checking and storing the arrival goods from the suppliers. ifi. Transport Unit.

as to deliver

It arranges inward and outward transport of products. and manages fleet of vehicles 50 efficiently the goods to retailers.

c. The Financial Department

It deals with the credit control of the customers and payments to suppliers, to employees and from customers. d. The Marketing Department.

Functionally, it is responsible for the promotion of sales, launching publicity activities, taking care of customers orders, and providing after-sales services.

Self-assessment Question

1. What are the factors that are influencing the fira's choice

of distributive channels?

2. Describe the different channels of distribution for consumer

goods.

3. Explain the functions of the wholesalers.

the importance of What are the possible impacts upon wholesalers in response to the changing forms of modern retailing?

4. What are the advantages of "cash and carry" wholesalers to

the retail trader?

5. (a) Suggest FIVE reasons for the declining importance of

wholesalers in the distribution of goods. (b) Suggest the other ways in which the role of wholesalers

can be replaced.

6. Differentiate

wholesalers:

(a) brokers,

(b) factors, and

among

the

following

three

types

of

{c} Del Credere agents

7. Describe the organization of a wholesale warehouse.

(明)來今普(廣分)】

升,薪酬月月加完又加,於是一團和氣,大家吃皮。」 西長患「我雖係軍人,但願全世界軍人,除了抵扰 來香港做世界了!」 戰機會,三級跳升二級,一級叉升行政,人人都猛咁一顯不可跌傷隻腳。」, 點,股民人人魚翅捞饭,自己好全香港人都好也。」何一碩大陸個個人都是百萬元戶,就不會有人 譚伯道:「我乃股民,所以亦願羊年指数升到五千,行劫- 枝枝槍愈冇啊!」拳女道:「親 當笑道:「我祝願的是大陸幫持槍

方佳

。

·水后都出宵焉·老爸今 ·神B - 才知呂榮家的,是他們之時代尖 1 陈得很 什麼走音歌王 陳伯伯之予喉有呂文成·風流快活;他們走上 B(五五八) 雄,於是卡拉OK爾為分天才如路的博翁大讚:知道老人家一代何嘗不,有一手,潛藏不錢而 *部團年,後生一代也參一年,頂尖兒的音樂家:活,走上時代尖端,那好,原來個個老人家邰 爲了今天億翁俱樂:提過者,只知是二三十以爲我們這一代風流快 祭飛驚后,也唱得很

有規律,每天睡眠時間不得少於八来。服藥後若有不適,,請醫生診 加跲勢一靠。 一些輕的體力或腦力工作,生活要‘防止妊娠中证你,也防止發生早一直追兵糕,

二、保證-

足的營養。多食用

六、懷孕期間注意血液變化。