1991-01-16 — Page 26

國民華中

育教:日一初月二十年午庚夏

家庭計劃指導會辦

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1991 中學會考專欄

MILE & DALT PRESS

History (16)

LUI

The Hundred Days' Reform

Background History

1. Nearly all reform movements in the.

arly at Qing Dynasty were mainly caused by

6.

the defeat of foreign powers.

So, the Hundred Days' Reform was

caused by defeat by Japan.in 1894w:

95, .e. the First Sino-Japanese

to

The War indicated the failure:of self strengthers who aimed strengthen the defence of China

Worst, still Japan was "former tributary state.

China's

5. So, Humiliation was great.

Seriously enough, : China's : weaknesses were exposed to the eyes. cof: Westerni great powers which generated greed and exploitation in China, and thus resulted Scramble of Concession, 1895 to .1898.

in

7. For details, please

explantation.

see

below

8.

It was under such situation that a. group. Cafenlightened confucian. scholars who tried to initiate greater. change of China; so that it:

1991 中學會考預習專欄

明德出版社

MILL & DALE PRESS

Biology (16)

T.M. LẠI

Eye and ear

1. The diagrams below show how the light: rays are focused when two

girls are looking at a distant

dbject. Abelongs to a girl with

-normal eyesight and s to the other

girl with defective eyesight;

could withstand foreign aggression Besides, inflow of translated books, had helped the reformers understand: that institutional change was necessary if China was to be strengthened.

10. Above was the background of it.

of the what was the direct cause Scramble for Concessions?

1. As mentioned before; the weaknesses `of the Qing Dynasty were exposed to the imperial powers because she was: defeated by a small former tributary state, i.e. Japan::

2. Knowing the political weaknesses of

the Qing Dynasty, the great powers. were tempted to partition China.

Chinacould not pay off the 3. As China co

indemnity stipulated in the Treaty, of Shimonoseki, she borrowed huge Toans from Western powers.

4. In exchange for such concessions; China had granted them additional concessions.i

5. As a result, a lot of spheres of influence were created in China.

6. Besides, the weaknesses of the Qing Dynasty were exposed to Chinese scholars and intellectuals.

7

Thus, some scholars hoped to save China. by introducing reforms from some radical above, whereas intellectuals resorted revolution from below.

·Spheres of Influence:

Guangzhou:Bay Liaodong and Manchuria

1. France 2.Russia

to

(iv): State and explain what happens to the pupil of the eye when a person' steps into a dark room. from bright daylight,

(ar) State the advantage of the

reflex: action in (iv).

(vi) Explain why colours cannot be

perceived in dim Night. condition.

2 The diagram below 'shows. the structure of the human ear (the parts are not drawn to same scale):

報日僑華

3. Britain

the New

Territories,

Weihaf and Changjiang. Valley

4.

Germany wa

Shandong Province Fujian Province

5. Japan -

China was saved from the partition. because OAINGA

1. no Western power was willing to

risk war over imperial: annexation: in China.

2. the United States issued the Open

Door notes.

Point to consider

1. Bafore 1860, the Western powers. came to China with the intention of either : extending their commercial Influence or setting Úp

missionaries..

of the 2. Also, before the turn

century, the activities of.the Western. powers were confined.to: treaty ports and coastal regions.

3. However, after 1998, Western powers ̇extended. their influence by building railways in their sphere of influence..

4. Thus, the economy. of the.interior.

China was affected.""

5. Besides, the territorial ambitions of the imperial: power's were obvious.

6. To play ome, power off against another, the Qing Court granted equati economic and territorial concessions to the great powers.

Thus, China was under the spell of western imperial influence.

(2) Explain how this difficult.

may be overcome.

(vii) Explain-one.precautions. that

can be taken to prevent damage to our ears.

3. The diagram: below shows a section of a. human eye(The parts are not dirawry to the same scale.)

三期星:日六十月一(一九九一)年十八國民華中(26

Leaders of the Hundred Day's Reform 20

Although. some historians considered.

the leaders of

the movements radical.

basically they were Confucian scholars.

What made them different from áther scholars was that they reintepreted Confucianism from a practical point: :of.view. In.view. of the changes

taking place in China,

To justify the political platform of the movement. they interpreted Confucius as a reformer.

The Teaders of the Movement were

Kang youwei

1.

2. Liang Qichao;"

3. Zhang Zhidong

Objectives of the Reform

T. Realizing the 11mitations of the'

Self-Strengthening. Movement, the Hundred Day. Reformer's hoped to strengthen China by introducing 4institutional reformis

2. They advocated the abolitian.of.

absolute monarchy.

Causes for the failure of the Reform 1. The Reform Novement; met strang opposition from the scholar gentry class who formed the backbone of the political hierarchy and thus feared the loss of power, and prestige:

2.

Both Manzhu and Chinese officials: did not :support the movement because they were afraid that they would lose their jobs and vested interests, since thereformers

(iii) ciliary muscles contract: and

suspensory ligament becomes slacken. The Tens becomes more convex:

increase, thè converging power that. brings the near object into focus. (iv) The radial muscles of iris contract: to: increase. the diameter of the pupil. (v) This action is rapid and .admits、 more. light: into the retinā to increase the brightedness of the image.a

(vi) Cones are not functioning in dim Tight;condition "and 'rods can only give black and white vision.

xternal car canal ear bones

proposed to abolish all sincere posts.

3. Also, the would-be officials did not support the movement because the content: of the Civil Service. Examination. would be based on the test.

of knowledge on: 'current affairs: Since most Confucian scholars had little: knowledge: about .current affairs, so it would impossible for them to gain any status in the new system..

4.

5. Above all the conservative:

officials were backed up by Empress. Dowager who objected the movement.

6. Besides, the tempo of the Reform

Movement was too radical.

7. Within 103 days more than forty.

decrees were issued."

8. As a result, most government

officials found: 1: hard to cope: with such change..

9.

The reformers mistakenly relied on: the support.of Guangxu who was only a. figurehead: and who could not exercise real political power.

10% A1] in all the reformers were too

All in atti.th inexperienced in discerning the. opposition from the government

hierarchy a

one may argue that

11. Also, one

12.

the

movement ended in a fiasto because. it lacked military support.

Last but not least, the movement was brought to an end by a military. coup headed by Yuan Shih-kai

(vi) (1) Air pressure: changes in a

jet, aeroplane that causes the pressure on both sides of the tympanium becomes unbalanced. The tympanum. cannot vibrate freely... (2) Hearing can be restored. to normal by swallowing, air enters' ar leaves middře. ear through: Eustachain- tubes and equalize the pressure an the two sides of tympanum.

(vii) Avoid hearing very loud noises because loud noises may damage. our tympanum.

Eustachian tube

ear drug

for:

sem

nals

pinna

choroid

sclera

air

華豪1

源4撥角旺

最|設最® 完備先 美】。進

一流戲院

【港利

今五今 天塲天

(f) Name the defect found in Bi

(ii) Draw a roy diagram to

(1)

(11) Give

A, B, F, G, H and

one function. for structure 1, B, G, Hi (iil) Explain- the

protective

Jas features. associated: with

structure A..

(19) Sound waves enter the ear and:

set up vibrations in the ear repeats. Indicate, by means off.

the sletters.used. in the diran, the sequence in which

firation accues.

Explain. Mow these vibrations.

in the ear produce the sensation of sound.

((V)

illustrate how the vision of B may be corrected.

(vi) (1) Explain why

one. may

experience

hearing:

aeroplane.

(iii). What changes occur in the eyes when the girl focus on a near object?

購收租舖

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成交最快

地產 朱蓉查得價英

收均來照估最

九龍上海街136號閣樓 7802293-4 九龍旺角上海街346號地下

7709918 (假日照常

(1) Name parts A to M. (it) Give

stone function: structures C, G, Hand K.

(iii) Nama the vitamin. which is

essentiall

for visión -and explain:why It is important... (iv) Explain one precautions that

can be taken to prevent damage.. to our eyesi

Solutions: 1. (1)

Short-sightedness/ltyopia

Concave

leng

(Note* 3. Lines should

continued.

2. Arrows are: presentals

收購不交吉高價收購

It totests vibrations Into the ear

Ear: bone's transmit. "aid amplify vibrations from tympanum to inner ear.

G It changes sound waves into vibrationsmato: ear bones

H-They detect the direction

of the momentrt of the head to maintain balance. head to ma

(iii) It is lined with fine hairs tand wax-secretinggands.

These help in trapping dirt andgerns.

{{v) 1 — A ~ 6 → B ~ C ~ E →→ D

(v).

Vibratross of endolymph in sich Beg stimulates hair cells, producing nerve impulses along. the auditory nerve to the zhearing centre of the brain..

3. (1)

eye muscle: blind. spot optic nerve.

(0) C

yellow spot/

retina:

vitreous humor:

suspensory ligament

pupil

cornea

Iris

cillary muscle

It. conducts:

'nerve

impulses from the rétina to the vision center in a vision. cent brain.

GIt protects

the inner

parts of the eye ball. It maintains the shape of the eye.

It refracts and converges light retina.

rays onto- the

(iii) Vitamin A. It is important for

formation of visual purple."

(iv) Avoid long periods of study

and close work that may. overstrain the eyes.

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