1990-12-08 — Page 29

育數:日二廿月十年牛廣腦

瑪利亞書院預科生

梁

「公民敎實基年華會」 辦的「公民教育嘉年舘會」中畫行。. . 相持搡水埗政務處各級官員,亦莊會參加,以示支持推廣公民教育,並歡迎市民蒞臨參箫 比賽經大會經混後,瓔利亞預科書院中大商世系高材生來無靑獲海報設計比賽世界難。 就奠典禮於明年一月五日(六)下午二种至五牌,由該會假長沙灣過城街街球塲內幕

參興- 符要辦「推廣公民秒家海外数的比賽 爆料亚设科吉院學生,來加深水埗區公民教育委員會郝報設計比賽,榮獲優異獎, .深水步區公民教育委員會學習小組主席謝富有,爲谢亲區內居民對推廣公民教育的興趣及

VANEBARN EN EZEE

劍靑榮獲優異獎

。

( 26 )育款日二廿月十年午庚腦豪

Contents

Economic & Public Affair (10)

Forms

199】 中學會考預習專欄

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MILL & DALE PRESS

Money and Banking

Money

Contents

Defintion

Functions

Barter. Economy

Money

7. Kwok

Money is anything which is Generally Acceptable in payment of debt.

Money is a generally accepted medium of exchange. Money is anything that can perform the functions of -money,

1. Medium of exchange (ganerally accepted)

2. Measure of value or unit of account

3. A standard for deferred payments (due to general

acceptance)

4. The store of value (separating the acts of buying

and selling).

It is possible to exchange goods by barter. An

fact, before the invention of money, direct exchange was commonly found to every part of the world. However, some serious difficulties have to be faced

and overcome with every barter transaction. They are:

1. lack of double coincidence of wants and

2. Tack of a common unit of account.

3. lack of a standard of deferred payment

generally acceptable

Desirable Properties

2, divisible

3. homogéneous

4. durable

5. partable

6. scarce

7. stable in value.

8. recognisable

9. difficult to counterfeit

Lega! Tender

Value of

Money

報日僑華

Honey

It is unnecessary for money to possess "intrinsic" value in order to be generally accepted as a medium of exchange. Nowadays, money is usually referred to as credit money. The following tree diagram helps. you understand what credit money is:

„Commodity money

Big shells, clothi

Prácíoix Metallle Money.

Full-bodies Money"

Mokay.

Credit Money

Paper Currency

ig gold coins, silver colas

Token cofna

„Demand deposi Deposit Honey-Savings deposit

Time deposit.

To sum up, crédit money is a medius of exchange where its value as monetary instrument is greater than its value as commodity. Therefore, the acceptability of credit money depends on the credit standing of its issuer(s).

It is noted that an attempt is made to confer acceptability of money by law Legal Tender is the term used to describe money which has the legal poker to settle debts, and refusal to accept is illegal.

1. In terms of foreign currency

Foreign exchange value Foreigne

2. In terms of purchasing power

Appreciation Depreciation

Deflation (purchasing power increases) Inflation (purchasing power decreases) Deflation - a decrease in the general price

level.

Inflation an increase in the general price.

1evel.

Measuring the

ra price level

Consulter Price Index

B. Bank

Contents

Types

Functions

Examples

六期星:日八月二十(〇九九一)年九十七國民薏中

Central bank

Banks

A bank owned by the government that performs. the following functions: 1. To issue banknotes 2. To serve as the govern

ment's banker, agent and advisor

3. To keep the cash

reserves of private banks

4. To act as the lender

of last resort

5. To serve as a bank of.

central clearance

6. To supervise and

control the private banks.

7. To carry out monetary

policy

8. To act as the custodian

of the nation's gold

and foreign exchange reserves

Central Bank of U.Ki

Bank of England

*There is no Central Bank

in Hong Kong.

*Certain quasi-central

banking functions are: in fact performed by two Teading British banks, the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corpor stion and the Standard: Chartered Bank, other functions by the Banking: Commissioner and the Exchange Funds

Commercial bank

Major type of banking. corporations (Banks which accept deposits from the public and lend money to borrowers) that perform the following functions:

1. Accept deposits from

the public

2. Lend money to

borrowers.

*Commercial Banking:

Services:

1 Acceptance of deposits 2. Loaris and advances:

3. Remittance: transfer

of money from one

place to another

4. Other services:

e.g. bank safes

Hang Seng Bank

Bank of America etc.

chloride with the 3.3 C1, reacts with alkalls to give obtained, e.g.

chlorides chlorate..

and hypochlorite, or

С12 4 2КОН

(cold,

KC) + K£10 + H20

metal in its

idation

etc.

Examples:

Element

Observation

1991. 中學會考預習專欄。

Burning Ne

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Continues to burn with a yellow. flate, giving off white clouds of NaCl

Na+Ci

MILL & DALE PRES

Burning Mg

Continues to burn brightly, giving Mg+Cl2 off white clouds of MgCl2,

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內容包貓萬有。

R

介紹 移民簽證

每册灣常捌拾伍元

电话五四九

dilute)

potassium hypochlorite:

(pale-yellow, strong smell of C12)

-SKCT + XC102 + 3H20

potassium

hotl

chiorate

(colourless, no

smell of C1,)

Caul H2O

bleaching powder

判登各國移民旅遊手續,刋登 地址、電話,方便讀者瞭解各地: 贛和條件,為前途作出妥安排, 各大書局均有代理

Chemistry (10)

LAN

Dutch metal: Burns spontaneously with a green (Cu-Za alloy) flame, giving. off. matnly white.

clouds,

Cu+C2 Cuc

(pale-blue)

(white)

mit a Revision nates on the Halogens and Halides, Chlorine and Chlorides.

Some information of the Halogens

Tron st red-hot

Glows rad-hot, giving off light brown fumes.

Phosphorus

2P+301,

Name

Fluorine

Chtopi

Bromine

Iodine

(a)

Laboratory Preparation

Atomi Structure

Molecular structure

-Appearance at

room temperature.

All have electrons the outermost shell, (Thus, they have similar gohi cal properties.).

All are simple diatonic molecules.

Pale-yellow Greenish-

gas

Reddish

Silvery

yellow gas

brown

Tiquid, volatile

Parkferey

sol

readily

All (except fluorintained by oxidation of the corresponding hydrogen halies(HX) or sodium halides {Nax).

2P+501

M2+C) 2 + 2HC?

(e)

Atumie for.

molecular) size

Melting points? Boiling points

Yellow Phosphorus burns spontaneously with an orange flame, giving off white Tumas.

Red phosphorus has to be ignited First.)

Hydrogen gas Burns with a white flame, giving

off steamy fumes.

direct sunlight explosion

For ignition

diffused

sunlight

darkness

Does not burn in £1,

form an

prin phur

smooth reaction

no

reaction

hich has

TRIES

BR

LIB

Sulphur dichloride

displace Br from bromides from iodides because Cl2 is

oxidizing agent than Br

Tetrachloromethane(CC1) is often

added. In order to make the colour changes more vivid..

{1} C12(0)+2Br (aq)

Br(ag)+2C1 (aq)

Ca(OH)2(s)

2Fe+3C12- 2FGC1 ̧

(wet, hot)

12 2PC1,"

Phosphorus(11) chloride 2PC16

Phosphorus (IV)" chloride

Add

Light

brown 2

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(q) | Saloniity in

water

(b) | Reactivity for

-axialzing power)

(1) Reaction with

hydrogen gas

Because of the increase in the intermolecular force)

Explosive in dark

Explosive under sunlight

Moderate on $low. heating

reversible

3.2 Cl2 reacts with water to give an acidic, greenish-yellow solution, known as

chlorine water.

2HC70

+

HC1

HC10 hydrochloric hypochlorous

acid.

acid

2HC1 + 02

HC10 is unstable and decomposed slowly under sunlight.

When a coloured substance is put into HC10(agl, it is bleached white.

HC10(aq) + dye HCI (aq) + (dye + 0)

2. Tests of Halides

2.1 When silver nitrate solution, sacidified with dilute nitric acid, is added to an aqueous solution of #halide, a coloured precipitate wou'd be obtained.

Ag*(aq) + X"(aq) ---- AgX(s)

halide fon

Choride

anan I de Hall for

(B-) Colour of KATTOCAGGIE Pile=yellow| Yel|qv

[Agər)

precipitate

In excess

My fami

Effect of unfight

> Soluble as $ightly Insoluble

ze sojubis

being formed Turn Log ||purpiomaserigrav

Turning

No change

2.2 When cone. H2SO is added to a solid halide, hydrogen halide (HX) is obtained. However, HBr and Hi are further oxidized by conc. H250, to give Br1⁄2 and ly respectively. (N.B. The

relative Base of

oxidation of hydrogen halides is.

HF HCl HBr C HL.)

Halide

Observation

Misty fumes Chef sold droplets), choking sweld

Cl is used for bleaching cotton, linen, etc.

Jonic equations

Br

Reddish-brown

vapour (Br

pungent swell,

Violet vapour (13)

Korfand dark-grey 18014, "solid), bed-egg 11-(5)

3. Chemical Properties of Chlorine gas Chlorine is very reactive," just next' to the most reactive element fluorine.

Chlorine has a great affinity for hydrogen atoms or electrons, so, it is a strong oxidising agent or an electron acceptor).

colourless

Thus, Cl2 turns a wet litmus paper first red and finally bleachas it white.

3.5 Reactions with some other compounds:

Compound

Hydrogen sulphide

bbservation

Equation

jammonia burns spontaneously with a with excers NH27 foreen. Flame in chlorine gas.

White fumes are formes 11 NH, is in With excous C)2

mz+30g

OXELSS,

Tellow spild is deposited, steamy Ma$401, **** NET+5 Tunes.

A trace of water must be present,}

Hydrocarbons |(1) A burning candle continues-10 1.0, candle, burn with a small, red and (turpentine,

Thus, in all its reactions, its oxidation number decreases from 0

|Iron(II) solution

ta

201

15ulphur

aplution, on

solution

3.1 Chlorine reacts directly with many elements to give the corresponding

chlorides, Hoating is often required.

Nearly all metals

Most non-metals

(except C, O, N2

Chlor

- sooty Flame, qlying off HCĮ" and}.

carbon.

|(2): Bed flashes and black clouds off

carbon are seen on dropping's

glass wool soaked with

"Turpentine, Sato à gas jár pfi

12 90s.

(c) turns is from pela-green. (due : 2Fe**(sq)

No observable changes,

all the above reactions Cl2 acts as an oxidising agent by removing either Heatons of electrons las indicated in the change of oxidation numbers) from the chemical species,

(2) C12(g) +21" (aq)

(Brown)

(Raid)

2017 (aq):

Some important uses of chlorine

(1) As 4: Bleaching agent, bleaching

cotton, linen, but not wool, silk.. or straw.

(2) As a germicide, for sterilizing drinking water and swinging pools, for killing cholera, typhoid and other germs.

(3) As disinfectant, Insecticides (e.g.

BDT) or drycleaning liquid,

(4) in manufacture of drugs and anaesthetics (e.g, chloroform).

· (5) In waking synthetic rubber

plastics (e.g. PVC).

(6) In manufacture of HC) and hence

hydrochloric acid..

(7) In preparing chlorides by direct.

combination.

7K1

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