1990-10-31 — Page 9

育體 日四十月九年牛庚夏

擊敗奧國蠻有信

锹奥地利系歐洲國家杯第四組的比賽秩序。 阿斯拉夫除的信主要基在他們在意大立场拳冀意大利帕雲達斯 比四 和世界的優秀演出和上月作客北愛取勝的首瑾奧地利家拉度也承認:「南斯拉夫 、 不過,拉埋補-

:「我們有的本錢是哀兵 者說:「我們會犁欺術們。」南斯拉夫亨瑞迎 中的表現亦令人失湾。離以一比儿大敗於

·貝爾格萊德紅星旗的國際球星浩斯述對記:事實上,奥地利聯賽球隊在三大歐洲杯賽 老迈拓比衰門維披好的一季,

: : 陧班牙 馬籤里脚下,奧地利維也納線亦在

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·奥地利,首秋出不可,以一個於

,奧隊近况低沉首仗竞負法魯羣島

她們亦有天才球虽巴斯遠里載重返前總 +

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眩球徒去年九月因向財虚吐口而被普影油國

三十打破他自己保持的全國紀錄,獲得金牌。

下月八日奧國舉行

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應照時間表帶課本 過重書包影响脊骨

9 )育歌:B四十月九年午庚惠

19.9 中學會考預習專欄

一二明速出版社

MINE & DALE PRESS:

History (5)

The Corngress System 01:

The Congress of Troppau, 1820

a. [

Cause: Literal Constitution granted by King of Spain Frightened. Czar Alexander of Russia and thus he called "forta congress to crush the constitution.

Honever the action of the Great Power's split over the issue. (a) Castlergeagh, to uphold the

theory of sovereign rights

that the ·Spanish. insisted Revolution was entirely ar internal problem of Spain. We oposed intervention and opposec :

femarked that the revolution had to be settled by Spain herself. (b) At first, Metternich of Austria,

feared the spread of Russian influence, refused. Czar's finouest for a -congress: (c)-Later, Metteráich changed his policy when revolutions broke out in Austrian controlled

sof Piedmont ane Naples,

windicated the selfish concern.

of Great Powers.

Points to consider. 1. The Protocol

Troppau was only red by the three reactionary Powers, Austria, Russia and Prussia,

2. Accon ding to the Protocol, any state :having: undergone a revolution :wutd cease to be member of the A1ance.

3. The reactionary powers were prepared to use force, to suppressjany. revolution sq as to maintain the status quo.

had a different policy: (a) did not. Support the Protocol

because being a

ccolonies. So for

for her self-

interest Britain did not teke the same action.

5. Cause for the breakdown of the

System

Sa conflictingviews of the Great..

Austria. prussia.

suppressed

nds of

evalutions for fear that they 你 European

France and Britain took

Congress of Troppau

wz: The uprisings. in italy. were ( suppressed, whérass. those in Spain and Portugal were still alive. Judging from the outcome of the above events, we can come up with the conclusion that the Great Powers

48 he did Rotheral country's

∙she was unwilling to

reactionary, powers "any help to suppress iberal movements.. thy Also, as far as the economic arterests of Britain were concerned British industry would suffer if the absolute

powers were

restored in the

Quichet the revo

because he did not favor zar , Alexarden's proposal of joint

intervention

3. As far as the interests of Austria i

were concerned, she hated the expansion of Russian influence in South America because it, mean an .upset of the balance of pqwer: in

4. By observing. the above points carefully, we can cemark that the Conservative Powers to react differently.

The Congress of Verona, ex

Vemma the ∵At':'the “Congress. conflicting interests tween. Britain and the Great Conservative Powers igeoncilable Chard to beca

a hew British"orine

and

郭日僑華

principle of non-intervention. On the other hand, Austria, Russia and Prussia

"intervention"

and regarded.

suppression" as the best policy in safeguarding their interests.

The revolts. In the "Spanish Colonies

Although strong protests voiced from. Canning, the new British prime inister France, was asked to put down the liberal revolution in Spain.

The Greek Revolts (Background) Causes: In March 1821, the Greeks

ne Turks

Was à revolted against the national movement of Christian Greeks against the tyranny of Molses Turkey. How the Great Powers reacted. They reacted differently over the crisis. (a) Russia, the aristocratic power,

-intervened with the intention of supporting the Revolution;The strange way of Russia led bo, the diplomatic crisis among the Great Powers,

(b) Besides, the British foreign policy.

must be examined carefully..

Points to consider

1. Xa) Metternich

and..

Castlereagh

feared that Ezar Alexander ch Russia would seize this opportunity to go to war with; Turkey.

the Balkan- !

(b) Russia ( could expand

influence Peninsula Thus, the balance of power might be destroyed.

2. Later, when Canning Succeeded Castleresan, he was most sympathetic wwith the liberal movements:ábroad. s. The othed with Russia 10 Thus putting

on. Turkey to graht

the and some degree

of independence,

3. Finally, in 1830, Greek independence was ensured, and was silaranteed Russie: France. and Britain.

4. The long and das

te of B. mense. the Greeks weenthusiasm among liberalsewhere

encourage other than 15 U...

what were the causes leading to the break-down of the Congress System?

1. The Conflicting Views of the Great

Powers.

If we take the conditions Listed: in the Quadruple Alliance as the criteria in judging the Congress System, we simply conclude that the congree system was a failure since

insisted on the

no regular congress was held.

On

·三期星日一卅月十(〇九九一)年九十七國臺中

the': dther hand, when we examine the above crisis in depth, we can easily find out that the Great Powers did not take unanimous action over important palitical issues. Their divergent interpretations intervention and the: function of the

Quadre Alliance explained why the

System broke down

2. The Monroe doctrine.

The United States policy in presponse intervention

to the Conservative Powers'

pol foy

The Great Power's restored Ferdinand VIT jn1B15. Baing "affected by the ideas of nationalism and liberalism, the people dying in South American independence. demanded national self-determination.

As I. have mentioned before, in response to the situation, the Great Powers: except Britain, preferred intervention so as to safeguard their interests.

-British policy was different

because the restoratio of the old- order would mean the end of the British trade in the Colony.

Because of: the British; open disagreement, President Monroeate the nited States declared that the. Fainous: Monroe Doctrine): According to the doctrine, the United States of America would go to war to the conservative and autoeratio power s of the

Continental Euroce IT they intervened with the liberty of the Spanisa

Both the Monroe Doctrine and the Aritish foreign policy spoke fár. the downfall of the Congress System

3. The Greeks Revolt.

Russia

. The "autocratic,powers, Austria and Prussia were divided over the Greek Question.

Russia intervened so as to help *.to fight for the rebels inderendences N

former strategy, Brite rentaven so as to prevent

Your of the autocratic

Resin, France untua. formed . aritary alliance awinsocke Purkey Tn. 1827

As far as the Idea

as the Quadruple Alliance.

status quo.in

greed,

destroyed. Thus, we can conclude

that the Congress System came to

a. The British foreign policy:

∴As mentioned before, the British Foreign policy was different From the reactionary powers.

Hur interpretation

over

Intervention and the finctighs

of the Quadruple Alliance were different:: from the autocratic

great powers. In the Spanish question. she did not intervene meant because intervention.... reactionary measures against liberal. and nationalist

of

(a) In the Greeks war

independence, she intervened and

the national15 supported

movement. Then, she

the independence of the Spanish

colonies in South America and the Greeks..

(c) Because of the British dotion

Britain: split from the rest of the Great Powers and so the alliance could no longer work..

The significance of the Congress: Systers 1. It has been generally accepted by historians that although the Great Powers did not take unanimous. actions over the crisis. insid

inside and outside Luropes the Congress System. helped to maintain becce by settling disputes and conflicts' through consultation and arbitration. The duration of peace Tasted for. above farty years.語言

2. On the other hand, the Congress was able to solve a wide range of JInternational problems. example, the

disarmament,ption o

For slavery,

of river

Danube and Barbary trade, etc.

3. Last but not least, since, most of the Great Powers used the Congress 'System as. an Instrument to maintain the status quo in Europe, they 'suppressed at; the nationalist and liberal movements in the 1820's and

·1830 by force. The Interests of the smaller powers were overlooked. Judging from this, perspective, it was clear that the interests of the smaller states were neglected. As a result, the break down of the Congress System paved the way :for the way for the success of the nationalist movements in Europe. Later having learnt the lessons. from the revolts in 1820's, 1830 and 1848, the leaders of the nationalist : mayoments. were more cleven in their for independence. They

:real end when the Greeks were abie morce and war to bring

to declare independence in 1829.tatus quo to an end.

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·社會有关注栽培大學生,反過來就,大一的青度如政治,宗教、粗: 敎育等各空掏

大學所提供的學位甚是蝦一個,可見資派實上,唐失食品情况經........................ 知了。香港每年有十多萬野考生,然則兩所同學拍用後的秘倣向原銘,某某行卣內驚

秀分子的投資,便可知音今的大學生游然是 度决?這就是太學校園內的文化明?武藏 她......等宋贴;罗君批會對近些學術上的烁花費的一架獣項的用處?這就是成分功救出 而所花經費不少「學費、校团設地·醫療保:無愛國承民族的年?這就是每年超人所 在有限,在改府每年在某些人力資源培有方... 這就是從前一鐡清悵天想,-

滿熱, 是由制度和人的低植到所根成,財

-?其實我們從一些實况的資料網示,使可得

·期望,古巴素打考取科股市主的子弟-均學後起三,所份習之功湖人土嗎? 空受的時代,大毕生仍保持著從前的地位移,今年選发排除情况仍如去年一般情濓,且「 念自漢武帝,會開術後,便雕始流傳至今。 集會人數每况愈下,某某患會今年又耍冧庄 在道個科學文明、饮酒宮、講求生活 了,某某集會舉辦的活動出席率不足三成, 無他,「萬般皆下品,唯有讀書高。」的親,組織,人手不足問題不能如期幫打了,某某 被說是客越防名利遺,亦官司門懽此' ' 其实一百幹事出了,開放日因内部 : : 自古以來,世人對大學生都存有很大的,迵維內三級片劇情的小卒嗎?又或是每天 佔一刀殿館,某某仮堂貼出貼,警戒

中大:

中華英雄、冀庞古的小手

迪克。各位世年們,你們的價他那离去了从 環境規殺了你們,被底又省反省吃

致力大幅報告杏中,對學校退 下月後淋的教标四號 ,此外,對於即將於平,

山的教學語苫,程小南 不容許維持「不中不英

不少學生

本會影响身性麗

臣和小孿生在重

强應考能力

4038

新學期招早 英專

午·夜班生

英數 每週上課兩头/一天

30

每週上課補天新班

特別課程 |

澳二四下午及夜班上課

「週末課程我份新班

移民雞寫作”

蘇格蘭高等教育展覽

TAKE A DEGREE IN SCOTLAND

RENOWNED FOR THE QUALITY AND DIVERSITY

OF ITS HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM

11 Scottisle universities and colleges combine for lies first time to present a comprehensive range of wider- graduate and postgraduate. courses.

EXHIBITIONS

Dates: Tuesday, 30 October

Wednesday, 31 October 3 pm - 9 pm

PRESENTATIONS ON SCOTTISH HIGHER EDUCATION TODAY Venue: Shue Yarn College

10 Wan Tsui Crescent > Braemar Hill Road.

North Point

Hong Kang

Enquiries: The British Couneil

Tel. 8315151

10am-5.30pm

ALL WELCOME

University of Aberdeen, University of Dundee, University |of Edinburgh, Glasgow College, University of Glasgow,

Heript-Watt University, Paisley College, Queen Margaret College, Robert Gordon's Institute; University of Stirling, University of Stalliclyde.

實用英專校|

·歷31屆會考成纖懮異。今屆及指車再創佳績

「 91年HKCEE會考英文 |

4:75 -6:00 「中學生下午班15-6:50

「每週上課兩大二四二、冷或四、六上骤

豬寶报料

#心 針對考生編點

「每週上課五天或三天 7155-9:30

「生升讀生加強

「歷史鹼悠久,敬帥護資潔。組別我爭,燃鵝觀完整

創辦於1958年,32年英專經驗