1990-01-25 — Page 21

(21)日九廿月二十年巳己麓澟

1990 中學會考預習專欄

明德出版社

MILL & DALE PRESS

History(17)

The Causes of the Revolution of 1911 (1)..

Background History

Before I examine the causes of the 1911 Revolution, I would like to examine briefly the causes leading to the failure of the previous reforms and novements.

The Self-strengthening Movement failed: to defend. China. because.

d.

most Chinese were conservative and confucian-minded that they did not. see the need to strengthen China, It could be reflected:from the slogens of the political platforms of the Self-Strengthening Movement..

e. The Qing officials maintained that the use of Chinese learning for the essential principles and Western learning

for practical applications.

Points. to consider:

was a

1. Although the movement.

failure, new political, economic- and social forces should not be overlooked.

2.'Thanks to the opening af China and the Self-Strengthening Movement, a class, merchant-gentry class, grew tin China.

3. Unlike conservative scholar-gentry. they were more exposed to western ideas and values and thus they were more receptive to western changes.

4. Besides, because of the founding of Tongwen Guan and the establishment of the translation bureaus, many western books were translated.

of the nost translators was Yen Fu.

important

6. As a

military

Intellectuals

and result, more

exposed were

more to

: western idees.

a, the qing Dynasty was half-heartedly

in carrying out the reforms.

1.e.

copying only

Success of the West.

b. the reformers were

given unconditional support from the Qing Dynasty, especially, fron Gixi,

it was only a regional movement ..

c. the terpd of the movement.was too slow since China was too large and conservative force too big.

7. Although the Self-Strengthening

Movenient was

failure, the: founding of factories, e.g. Tianjin machine factory and Stream Navigation: Company, facilitated the birth of Chinese capitalism.

B. Therefore, Chinese "capitalism gree

in size. and influence.

報日僑

9. Above all, the Chinese bourgedisen

and capitalists were alienated from : the conservative Confucian: China because::their status. was not recognized.

10. The birth of the above political. forces helped to disintegrate the Qing Dynasty..

11. Besides, because of the Taiping Rebellion and the ...Self- Strengthening Movement, regional political power grew because centrifugal tendency grew since, the Qing Court was unable to 老心感 western imperial encroachment.

12. All the above factors helped to

unddrmine the ling Court.

The fate of the Qing Dynasty could be saved if the Hundred Days' reformers were a success.

However, the failure of the movement. posed a lot of problems and we should not overlook the following significant paints.

1. Empress Cixi were more anti-foreign

than before because

a.western powers. interyened: tn. saving the life of Emperor. Guangxu. b.the

Reformers Hundred Day modeled on the Western political System.A

2. The anti-foreign attitude of Empress Cixi paved the way for the tragedy of the Boxer Uprising..

3. It.

because Cixi blindly believed that the xenophobic (anti- foreign) boxers could expel foreigners frol China:

4. The failure of the Hundred: Day. Reforms convinced the Chinese triat reform from above seemed

前程新頁

impossible.

四期星:日五廿月一(〇九九一年九十七國民華中

5.

Thus, more and more Chinese joined the revolutionary society, e.g. the Revive. China Society. the Xing Zhong Hut.

1. More

More and

and scholar's officials believed that only far- reaching: reform could save China.

.be

6. Also, other Chinese believed that

China cold.

saved

by institutional. changes. So it led to the Manchu Reform.

The Causes of Boxer Uprising

1. The hardships of peasants after the advent of western imperialism into China and the, growing social and. religious. conflicts. since. the Treaty of Tianjin of 1858 led to the rise of anti-foreign sentiments ̇and the people's hatred of the

missionaries and their converts.

2. The natural disasters,

floods and droughts,. situation much worse.

such as made the

3. Also, the slogans of the Boxers were welcomed by Empress Cixi, when. they had changed their anti-Manchu stand..

4. By 1900, the Boxers changed the slogan. from "Down with the ging,. destroy the foreigners" to "support the

and Qing

the destroy foreigners".

5. The rise of this superstitious movement reflected Cixi's ignorance and stupidfty.

5.

On 21 June, 1900, believing that the Boxers could expel

2. Others.helieved that China could

3.

below since

only be saved by revolution from the Boxer Protocol meant further damage of authority of the Qing Court.

the

The Boxer indemnity became another source of discontent of Chinese:

peasants. because they had to pay more taxes for it.

4. The financial burdened to a growing number of rebellions and ünrests.

5. Provisional power grew since most convinced that the Chinese were central government was unable to cope with foreign aggression and internal unrest...

6.

For instance, in 1900, when Cixi declared war on.foreign powers. B number of governor-generals, "e.g.

and Li Hongzhang

Yuan Shikai declared neutrality with western power's..

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Significance and consequence of the Boxer Uprising and the Boxer Protocol, 1901.

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