1990-01-08 — Page 19

19) 育教日二十月二十年巴己磨夏

1990·中學會考預習專欄:

明德出版社

MILL & DALE -PRESS-

History (14)

J. Lui

The Second Angio-Chinese War and the Opening of Japan.

linderlying

leading causes

to the -outbreak of the Second. Anglo-Chinese

War.

The anti - foreign sentiments resulted :: frem the opening

门

Guangzhou made the British consuls and traders unhappy because British. merchants could not enter the city of Guangzhou. - -, '

2. Thus, the British considered that the Qing Dynasty did not fulfill the terms of the Treaty of Nanjing, so they were prepared to repudiate the treaty.

The causes for the anti-foreign sentiments were

a. Guangzhou suffered heavily from

the opium trade.

b. As mentioned before, a large number of Guangzhou labors were made jobless because Guangzhou was no Tonger the only access for foreign trade.

c. Thus, the jobless. labours hécame

forces of social discontent.

Also, British merchants

They wanted to open up the interior part of China for: trade because: they considered China a big. market..

5. Since full diplomatic relations had not been established between China and, Britain even after the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing, British merchants wanted to establish full. diplomatic relations with China by having a minister Pin Beijing whe represented their interests.

6. To make enids meet; the British resorted to gun-boat. policy when! the Qing Court delayed the revision of the Treaty of huejing..

Immediate Causes.

The Arrow Incident served. as a pretext for Britain to go to wark with Chine...

French:

A150, the murder of a missionary in Guangxi gave the French a chance to fight hand in hand with Britain.

Comment on the Second Treaty Settlement. The Treaty of Tianjin 1858.

1.

2.

3.

Full diplomatic relations between

·China-and-the west. Britain and France, were established. Thus, ministers were allowed to live in Beijing.

As a result, the tribute system was replaced by the treaty system.

Ten coastal parts were opened to foreign trade and residence.

4. The

demands of.

British merchants were met since they could trade up to the interior part of China by paying lijin:only.

5. Catholic and were

discontented because trade was only

restricted to the treaty ports..

missionaries:

were

Callowed to move and preach freely'

in different parts of China..

6.

報日僑華

As happened before, China. had to pay 4 million taels to Britain as fdemnity. In addition, she paid) 2 million taels to France.

7. The tariff was to be revised.

The renewal of fighting between China and the belligerent powers, Britain and France, was due to Emperor Xian feng's unwillingness to sign the treaty for china..

As a result, the Beijing Convention wast signed in 1860.

According to the Convention of Beijing. 1. China had to pay more indemnity to

the western powers... 2:Kowloon was ceded.to Britain

permanently,

一期星日八月—(〇九九一年九十七國民中

5. The advent of missionaries. aroused

great suspicion among the Chinese. people. Thus, it paved the way for a series of missionary incidents..

6. As a result, these incidents gave the great powers a chance to demand more concessions from the Qing government

7.

Last but not least, the importation of opium was legalized.

The Opening of Japan Background History.

Before 1854, the Japanese adopted the seclusion policy, ie, only a limited contact was made between. Japan and the west.

3. Also, France was to have the right 2. Nagasaki was the main trading port where the Dutch merchants could to hold property in China.

trade with the Japanese.

Consequence, and Significance of the Second Treaty Settlement.

1. Some enlightened Manchu officials realized the need to introduce reforms to strengthen. China sirice. she had been forced to open herself, and since.

She

suffered from national humiliation.

2. Also, China was tieri by the Taiping:

Rebellion.

3. Having secured a lot of privileges in China through the sunequal treaties, the western powers helped the Manchu Court in suppressing the Taipings although the latter put up Christianity as their slogan.

4. The Manchu government made use of the most favored nation clause to play the great powers off against each other. As a result, no single power had special privileges established in China: By adopting this policy, the great powers could check one another..

聲鴻基湾1基鴻· 聲樂樂民統總聲麗運海计都國

3. Also, the Distch Tearning: helped the Shogun to keep abreast of the progress of the test.

4. Politically, Japan was governed by

Tokugawa Shogunate.

5.

Tokugawa was a powerful daimyo who defeated other daimyo and took over the government in 1603.

6. As a result, the emperor who lived

in. Kyoto was only. a figurehead.. However, the Shogun was not legitimate ruter.

7. Important decisions about the

:government were made by the. Shogunate who was a military leader and maintained a large number of :samurai,

8. Under the Shogunate were the daimyo who had to show loyalty to the Shogun.

9.

Each daimyo had his own domains. However, when they returned to their own domain, they had to leave their children in Edo as hostages

'since this move could prevent: then:

from staging any rebellions.

10. To a certain extent, the

feuda

system headed by the Tokugawa

Shogunate copied the social values ' of the Confucian China.

11. According to: that

structure,

merchants were given the lowest social status.

Why did Commodore Perry came to Japan? the

1. The Japanese #11-treated shipwrecked American sailors.

2.Japan was considered an ideal supply station for American ships

which traded between China. and America

The Event

1. Being backed up by

а

number of

warships. Commodore Matthew Perry headed straight, Edo.

2. Then, he demanded the opening - of

Japan

3. In response to the incident, the unprecedented Shogunate made an

4.

·move of asking the emperor and all

the daimyo for advice.

As a result the weaknesses of the Shogunatevere exposed..

5. Being a military leader, the Shogun wis able to discern the: mi11.tary

weaknesses : of its government and

having learnt the lesson from the

the with the

opening of China, the Shogunate, though unwillingly, signed

of Kanagawa Treaty Americans

6. In upening their country,

the

Japanese: avoided wars. with the West.

M.B. The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate

will be examined later.

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1990 中學會考顉

明德出版社 MILL & DALE PRES

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