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History (9)

J. Lui

THE EASTERN QUESTION IT INTRODUCTION!

Factors leading to the complexities of the Eastern Question:

i.

ii.

The fall of the Ottoman Empire. The greedy moves of the Great Powers to extend their sphere of influence.

iii. Nationalistic

iv.

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Ottoman Empire was the 'Sick Man of Europe'.

4. However, one should not overlook that the Ottoman Empire still held the strategic area around Constantinople and the Straits of Bosporus and Sardanelles. Also, she controlled the important part of the Balkan area, e.. Macedonia.

Great Powers struggled control the area.

5. So,

Points to consider

1. The strategic area still held by the Ottoman Empire became the concern of the Great Powers.

- As far as the interests of the British Empire were concerned, any changes in the status quo of the Ottoman Empire would upset her interests.

struggle

of

the

As

Balkan nationalists.

The alliance system of the Great. Power 5.

Summary:

1.

Forces at work

Great dynastic empire verus Balkan nationalists.

e.g. Austria

against Serpia.

ii. Great dynastic empire

imperial expire,

verus Russia.

against

2.3. Austria

iii. Baikan states verus Balkan states,

e.g. Serbia verus Bulgaria.

Before 1 analyse

how

other

underlying factors led to World War

One. I would focus on the political situation in the Ottoman Empire at the turn of the 20th century.

.:

By 1908, the Ottoman Empire had

lost much of its former possessions.

- fall of the Ottoman Empire

1. At least five states

became

independent by 1908. They were Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, Rumania and Bulgaria.

2. Also her

former possessions administered by former powers. instance,

were For

Bosnia and Herzogorina were administered by Austriz- Hungary. The other possessions were Dobruja and Crete.

3. Thus, it was generally held that the

Lo

mentioned before, а stable Turkey would safeguard the passage of British Fleet from

the Mediterranean Sea of Asia.

Thus, the disintegration of the her Ottoman Empire had become

That was overwhelming concerns. the same case as it was applied to the other European Powers.

2. The Young Turks Movement

added for ther chaos into the political situation of the Ottoman Empire.

The Young Turks Movement Who were the Young Turks? they aim at?

What did

1. The Young turks were the Ottoman patriots who supported the process of Westernization which Abdul-Haming 11 had tried to exclude from his dominions.

2. Because of the Russia Revolution of 1904-5, The Balkan peninsula was temporarily freed from the Russian influence.

3. Also, many of the younger generation

of Turkish

families noble

were inspired by ideas similar to those hold by liberal intelligentsia of Russia.

4. The ideological state of Young

Turks.

aimed They

at

reviving

the

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abortive constitution of 1867, and

tried to gain the support of the armed forces so as to make the movement successful.

By July 1908, they marched towards Constantinople.

་

Result: Abdul-Hamid, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, accepted the demands of the Young Turks and

into hinself turned constitutional monarch.

However, the compromise of Abdul- Hamid was temporary.

By April 1909, he was strong enough to head il counter- revolution through which he retook Constantinople and overthrew the new government.

Later, the Committee of Union and Progress organized by the Young Turks: made a successful counter- attack.

Results and significance of the Young Turks Movement

1. They

1

deposed

and Abdul-Hamid supported Mohammed V, the brother of Abdul-Hamid, as the new Sultan.

2. Much to the disappointmeat of the Balkan nationalists, the Young Turks were brutal and tyrannical.

3. The most important consequence of the movement was that it exposed the weaknesses of the Ottoman Empire and thus inviting the European Powers to their influence into the extend

peninsula.

4. As a result, the conflict between the Balkan States and the dynastic empires was inevitable.

The international consequences of the Young Turks Movement A. Austria

Herzegovina.

annexed

Bosnia

and

1. The Austrian move inflamed Serbian nationalist sentiment against her Sertas were because millions living in the above provinces.

of

2. Bismarck's League of the Three Emperors, i.e. the Dreikaiserbund Came to

of the an end because conflicting interests between Austria and Russia over the Balkans.

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3. Above all, as far as the alliance concerned, Russia was into the

system was

thrown

France.

rival

8. Italy seized Libya in 1911

C. The Balkan Wars 1912-13

camp of

The First Balkan War Causes: 1. The Turkish government tried to introduce typically western institutions as a common law, a national language and compulsory military service in the territory where the Balkan States hoped to preserve their own language and law. 2. Macedonia was the bone of contention 01 national because

minorities different Balkan States lived there. 3. Thus, the Balkan States tried to

annex the territory.

Course:

1. On Oct., 1912, Montenegro declared

war on Turkey.

2. Then, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia

joined Montenegro.

3. They formed the Balkan League.

concern.

The rapid .collapse of the Ottoman Empire caused the Creat Powers' To safeguard their interests, the great dynastic empires tried her best in checking the rise of Balkan nationalism.

1. Thus, Austria-Hungary helped Albania become independent so as to check Serbian expansion in the Adriatic.

2. Russia stood against Bulgaria so as to prevent her from getting Constantinople-

not

3. However, the Eastern Question aid

immediato lead to crisis since the Bulgarians unable to take Adrianople.

European were

4. As a result, the Balkan League made

an armistice with Turkey.

and

5. In May 1913, the Treaty of London

ended the first Balkan War recognized Albania as an independent state.

The Second Balkan War

Causes:

1. The Balkan league did not last long

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because of the mutual jealousy among the Balkan States.

2. The main cause of contention was trat Serbia had occupied and kept most of Macedonia.

Course:

1. Then, Bulgaria attacked Serbia and trus gave the Turks an opportunity to recover Adrianople.

2. Finally,

the Bulgarians were defeated and they signed the Treaty of Bucharest.

The Treaty of Bucharest

1. Greece kept southern Macedonia.

2. Serbia Xept northern Macedonia. 3. Rumania kept the southern Пobruja. 4. Turkey kept Adrianople.

Significance of the Treaty of Bucharest 1. The four Balkan States defied the

great powers.

2. The Treaty of London was ignored.

Conclusion

1. The Treaty of Bucharest could not satisfy all the parties involved in the incident.

2. Mutual fear and jealousy among the Balkan States would drag the Balkan

war. Peninsula into another

For

instance,

would Bulgaria

revenge on Serbia.

take

3. The involvement of the dynastic empires in the struggle of the Balkan nationalists made the Eastern Question much more complicated.

Serbia 4. By 1913,

and Montenegro considered war against Austria as inevitable Since the latter had annexed Bosnia where many Serbians had been living there.

5. The mutual fear and jealousy among the great powers turned the Easterm Question into an international crisis.

5. Adding

to

such fear were the alliance system and the armament races. Thus, when Germany backed up Austria-Hungary in the Austro- Serbian conflict, the Triple Entente was forced to be involved by giving unconditional support to Serbians.

- END -