1989-11-06 — Page 22

育日九初月十年已己磨夏

八十七國民華中

報日僑

B. Division of Labour

Contents

Characteristics.

·期星

日六月一十(九八九一)年八十七國民華中(22)

Division of Labour

1. Specialization within the production process of a particular commodity.

2. The labour involved is divided into repetitive tasks.

3. Each individual does one task that may be a minute fraction of those necessary

to produce the commodity.

1990 中學會考預習專欄

明道出版社

Economic & Public Affair (5)

M. T. Kwok

Types

1. Simple

1. Production.

MILL & DALE PRESS

A. Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Production and Their Interrelationship

Primary Production.

Contents

Meaning

Directly utilizing natural

resources (e.g.. land,

mineral deposits)

Significance

Classifi-

cation

Supplying the basic essentials of human needs

(1) Agriculture (2) Fishing and hunting (3) Forestry

(4) Mining and Quarrying

Interdependence:

Secondary Production

Turning the primary products into finished products for consumption or production

May be divided into a few sub-processes and normally using mass production

(1) Assembling process (2) Synthetic process (3) Fabricating process (4) Analytic process

Tertiary Production

Referring to the provision of services of all types in an economy (e.g. doctors, actors)

Equally productive and reflecting a later stage of economic development

(1) Personal or direct

services

(2) Commercial services (3) Social services (4) Public utilities

By adding household as a consumption unit, the three types of production are connected.

Food & Fuel

Household

Consumers gcods

Services

Producers' goods

Advantages

Disadvantages

Primary #Production

Raw Materials -Producers'

goods

Secondary Production

Producers' goods

Tertiary Production

Limitations

·Services

Services

Divided according to work process and by simple trades or crafts.

2. Complex - Owing to industrialization and urbanization, more machinery is used,

and more complicated goods produced. There exists specialization with respect to factory production plus functional division of workers.

3. Regional Specialization of a locality in the production of a good.

* The region will obtain other goods through exchange with other

localities. This division of labour happens in interprovincial or international trade.

1. Productive processes are performed with greater skill and speed. 2. Time in learning skills is reduced.

3. Work can be fitted with relative ease to a worker's capabilities.

4. Physical strain on workers is reduced.

5. There is a greater economic use of capital equipment.

6. Specialists may develop their individual skills.

7. It acts as a stimulus to the mechanisation, and eventual automation, of many

tasks.

8. Mass production can exist only on the basis of division of labour.

9. Output is increased and cost reduced.

10. The quality of production, which can be standardized, is improved.

1. Monotony resulting from repetitive tasks, causing strain and fatigue

(tiredness).

2. The worker's initiative, inventiveness and craftsmanship limited.

3. Excess standardization of production not necessarily to the community's

advantages.

4. Greater risks of unemployment following changes in demand for industrial

products.

5. The interdependence of production leading to increased difficulties in case of

minor or major interruption of production.

6. Breakdown of industrial relations due to employer's separation from employees

an unavoidable outcome of division of labour.

1. The extent of the market.

2. Exchange and physical distribution facilities.

3. The nature of the product.

4. The size of the labour force and capital equipment available.

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記日

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RA. [#KEK127) 全與陳俊輝一齊嚟了, 今次難然係出閘包尾哦一隻,但追得極快, 雄丰 J咁早响前面對已知唔係波,「太陽」

|濠江馬唘

1990 中學會考預習專欄

明徳出版社

MILL & DALE PRESS

Geography (5)

MASS WASTING

(4) Rapid movement

(1)

It can be seen directly. (ii) The period which it occurs 15 very short about a few hours.

(iii) it is hazardous to human and

their properties.

(iv) Favourable conditions

a) lack of vegetation cover. b) presence or vec toky weathered materials. cartecharetry and WEL conditions.

d) a large map of saturated soil offrock.

#) occurrence

P. F. Chan

(1) The downward movement of soil, sub- soil, debris, weathered materials and/or rocks оп slopes under gravitational pull is known as mass wasting or mass movement.

(2) They can be divided into TWO types:

a) slow rovement

b) rapid movement.

(3) Slow movement

(1)

It proceeds very slowly and cannot be observed.

(ii) Favourable conditions

wet

a) alternate dry and periods. In dry seasons, soil contracts and cracks are formed. During wet weather,

soil is saturated with water very rapidly, Increase in

weight and reduction of friction with each other favours soil creep.

b) a slope surface.

c) presence of weathered materials on less resistant parent rock.

d) little

vegetation

actions.

protection by pr man-made

(iii) Since it cannot be seen for a

short duration, some evidence

an slope surface should be noticed.

a) irregular soil surface.

b) Tow cresent-shaped scarp

and terracettes.

c) accumulation of sediments

at base of slope.

d) downward bending of trees

and tilted poles.

of

action', e.g. restorm, earth-quake. Afremoval

OF

'trigger heavy

downslope Support. or presence of undercut slope by lateral erosion of river, road-cutting.

wave or

g) steep slope surface. Common Types: Rock fall. and

landslides.

Measures to check landslide or other rapid movement.

a) reduce steepness of slopes.

b) plant vegetation.

c) granite embankment

*th gutters.

wall

The work of wind and water in deserts (1) Climatic characteristics

a) unreliable, low-rainfall, b) short-lived and torrential.

c) great daily range of temperature. d) dry air

and high evaporation rate.

(2) Weathering

very

a) mechanical weathering is active producing a lot of boulders, debris and rock particles 25

erosive agents.

bi chemical weathering is very insignificant because of the continous dry condition.

(3) Erosion

a) Types of wind erosion:

(1) abrasion - wind with rock fragments erodes rock surfaces. (ii) deflation wind removes rock fragments from the surface. (iii) attrition rocks knock against each other in times of movement.

b) Wind transportation

(1)

suspension the finest rock particles is carried by wind.

(ii) saltation

greater size bounce surface pa

over

rock's of the

(if) surface creep

fragments rol

Suprace Wor distance.

¿

c) Features produced by erosion:

(1) rock pedestal (mushroon)

A large rock mass on wind's path is abraded by wind especially the part of rock slightly above the ground.

A rock mass with alternate layers of hard and soft rock is eroded with different extent. (ii) zeugens

There is a surface covered by a layer of hard rock with joints and underlying layer of soft rock. Wind abrasion opens up joints forming deep furrows into soft rock.

(iii) yardangs

There is а surface with alterate layers of hard and soft rocks both exposed to prevailing wind.

Because of differential erosion, soft rocks are cut into deep furrows and hard rocks are higher as ridges.

(iv) depressions

The land surface

lowered by wind deflation down"

water table.

d) wing deposition occurs when wind Weikens meets wet air CT obstacles, e.ÿ. rock mass or vegetation.

e) Features produced

deposition.

(i) barchans

by

wind

They are ridge-like and crescentic-shaped

sand deposition with horns. They nave gentle and convex windward slope and steep, and concave leeward slope. They iigs transversely to the wind.

It is

formed by wind deposition behind vegetation and eddies.

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(ii) seif

It is elongated ridge-like sand dune parallel to the wind. It is formed from barchans which are Tenghtened by strong cross wind.

(iii) loess

This is finest dust deposition by wind that is outside the limit of deserts. flock of water in deserts.

torrential heavy downpour is a strong agent of erosion in deserts with little vegetation cover, and a lot of 1cose weathered Fock particles. (ii) Features produced.

alewadi So

They are narrow and deep dry valley to the lowland. Heavy rain with loose materials from steep slopes in a valley furtner erodes this valley The sediments after waker has been evaporated deposit at the end QvS1} forming

alluvial fane

b) icselberg's

They are isolated, steep-sided hills with very Snowth surface. They are forded from dissection of ghland by expansion of

c) mesas and buttes

They are isolated flat- topped and steep-sided hills overlyed by

hard rock. They are formed from the expansion of joints by water and wind erosion,

The work of wave in the coast

1) Magnitude and types of waves

Energy of wave depends on wind strength and the fetch.

Types of crave can be classified Iata constructive and destructive.

[(2) Erosion

a) hydraulic action

Air within joints is compressed

in times of swash and expands

during backwash.

b) corrasive action/abrasion

c) attrition

1) solution

Some solube minerals are removed..

(3) Features produced from wave erosion

a) wave-cut platform

This is a flat lave rock surface under sea-water during high tide with a steep cliff behind.

Destructive crave undercut the base of slope with a notch. Mass movement and further abrasion causes the cliff to retreat. Materials being eroded is removed.

D) headland and intet

Coastal

alternate area with layers of hard and soft rock running perpendicular to the coastline is attacked by the wave.

c) sea-cave, geo and blow-hole

TO A

Cliff exposed to wave with line of weakness perpendicular coastline 75 undercut. cylindrical hollow is formed.

The roof of deeper sea-cave collapses. A long, deep narrow inlet is formed.

A cave with a vertical joint to the

top of the cliff is deeply eroded. A passage to the top is formed.

d) arches and stacks

A headland with a line of weakness is attacked by the wave at the two sides, forming two opposite caves. A tunnel is formed until two caves are broken through.

4) Features produced from wave

deposition

a) beaches

It is deposition of sands; pebbles or mud on the area between high-tide and low tide.

b) spit

It is a low, narrow ridge of pebbles or sand joined to the land at one end and terminating at the sea with the other end.

c) bar

It is low, narrow ridge of deposits out of the sea surface joined with the land at the two ends.

d) tomobolo

A land connecting two island or mainland with island is Formed by sand spits.

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