1989-02-02 — Page 17

(17)育教。日六廿月二十年歲戊麼夏

1989 中學會考預習專欄

明德出版社

MILL & DALE PRESS

Proces

Natural horar

-typhoon, tropical

• very

strong

ind

strongly

hurricana

morrential rain

buitelags

Precourtoi and

control

warning system

constructed

報日僑

the Huang He Basin.

(1) Introduction

四期星日二月二(九八九一)年八十七國民華中

(B) An examplet floods and droughts in

in China, Huang He is 5674 km Tong, and drains

of an area 750.000 km2 which is inhabited by over 100 million people.

b)

extroon ova1a

Over.

Location of the Horth China. Plain and Loess Platonu In Huang Ho Bably

provisation

buiras

and crops

cald

gothor

̇日六廿月二十年忌

1989 中學動

Econom

Geography (18)

534-17

stopath

Transpar

Transport routes

Savalanche

éreps and

* Ilyastock

dire

.s010

ka

好吗

transcort

conservation irrigation

centrefi od

waiting

construction

revention Takas

就

中

F. Chan

Natural

(A) Causes of and human responses to

natural hazards

(1) environmental resources.

natural resources refer to those parts of the natural environment that people find them useful,

climate

vegetation..

natural.

(2) environmental risks

natural hazards are extreme natural

events. which, are perceived. people as... risks

life to

and

property.

There are numan-induced hazards which are caused by the misuse.or over-utilization of natural resources by man.

sometimes, human activities have ima de

existing natural: hazards: Morse.

Husan activity leads to ramen-Induced hazard

over-grazing

sol prusion, drought

yogetation.

floodings.

ceforosta-

soil erosive.

Tuajor leg

3ver- cultivation

urban!zatlan

industriali- zotion

buliding and. Construction

carejoss burning and fre

cultivation

furtiers

cultivation

In marginat

areas

Landai! độ

soti erosion,ˆ-taming, sol exhaustion or depletion

ipallation,

junbalanced ecosystem,

extinction of plant and animal species, lexhaustion of, resources,

climatic change

Landslde,

davegetation

lex Enction of plant and

oninal species, unbalanced ecosystem, pollution, deforestation

pollution,

sol depletion, diseases, pests

[desert encroachment,

desertification,

Jelastic change

福泰投資公司 3-631815(專綫

*Camino

-heavy

•11006

10 X

crops ianesilde

terracion,

bellstorm

@

wluct

constriction Ot

retarieti

property

Catedrance

查

warning byrion

transport

visibility

darage D 4some [ng tepas

Q情

Shoots"

Process

Natural hazard

Głosice

Precaution and

control

precisa dule::¦ingi

toss 10

k

·wsrelig

Tsunamis

品

snsilling sto

Conor she fagleat

Headse

1

slumpfing

s of te and property

eruation

Land aropoty +fire

detecting system;

loss of He

and vestock

Fetestation

你

biological

disease, pcsts...

•pleting of cls-resistat!

wege frat tum

ikbetegical

control

i

(3) human responses and adjustments to.

hazards.:

Dasic

for people living in hazard-prorie

adjustment areas,

i's 器 response of human survival.

trying to prevent them.

trying to predict them.

trying to reduce the damage they

cause.

(4) disaster Tecovery:

-

emergency actions,

a) basic requirement for people.

b) rescue and medical operations..

safety

d) social order

restoration meth

a) Tetern of refugees

b) basic infrastructure.

reconstruction

a) long-term basis

b) pre-disaster planning....

c) strategies are improved, pe.g. engineering and technological devicesume

TELLOW

China Plain

Tianjin

监

Loess deposit

Loess deposit and:

Dyke

Busin boundary

28 Huang He Basin

(2). Causes of floods

a) great variability in the amount

of rainfall,

heavy summer rains. snowmelt.

careless

b) high silt content .

and deforestation. farming activities cause severe soil erosion,

Ioasened materials.

into the Huang He.

heavy deposition river Sed.:

(6) human responses

JHuang He multi-purpose scheme.

a) Intraduction

In 1947, build a stair case of

45 huge multi-purpose dams along the Huang He.

must of the dams are on the middle course.

of also involve construction diversion channels, retention 5011 Takes,' afforestation and conservation programmes.

raises the.

are washed

high discharge, water may spill over the natural levees....

c) winding: river course

gentle river channel, water moves slowly.

d) river channel jammed by ice. e) sudden change of gradient.

sudden. reduction in slope. Huabei Pingyuan..

f) frequent

channels.

change me

Huang He has changed its course

over 20 timas ja the past,

g) absence of any large Jaké;

(3)' Effects:

– The North China Plain has attracted

dense. farming settlements because.. of low-lying relief, cheap water transport.

loss of life and property, failure: spread of diseases, Tucal famine,

crop

(4) Causes of drought 我 Huangtu

Gaoyuan)

low annual rainfall below 380 mm and highly variable and unreliable (100 mm in a year).

high rate of evaporation because of hight summe temperature, hot dry

wind, Tow relative humidity and deforestation (loss of vegetation. Cover).

(5) effects

- Aoss of fertile Tand for farmi

widespread famine.

c) Benefits and environmental

problems.

(i)- flood :prevention.

increased farm yields.. Jengthened growing season. development of marginal tarfids.

electrification. mechanized farming/ fresh-water fish farming. save time in navigation. check soil erasion. industrial development..

(11) silting of reservoirs -increased use

of

fentilizers leading to stream pollution. interference with river

transportation.

upsetting

ecosystem

climate..

Aims and measures adopted in the Huang He Project

1. Flood contro?

-to remove the danger of flooding by flood protection measures along the channels aid on. th: flood. .plains

2. Irrigation

to reduce the

effects of droughts on crops.

3. H.E.P.generation.

4. Navigation in lawer znd middla courses.

5. Soil, conservation, in catchment ares (the "

bass.region), to

achieve flood

abatement.

939007 -939989

物業

Measures adopted

|(a) Dans (46 maly dams), fipod retention

- reservoirs, and desilting basins are

constructed along the main river and

some tributaries:

- to regulate channel Now and hence

check discharge

to retain flood water/to store water

excess

to retain it, hence reducing the

volume of sediment load carried down- stream to the floodplains/lower source (6) Embankments in the lower course dre

reinforced.

(e) Cykes, levees and banks are strengthened

to prevent breathing.

|{d} Meandering river courses are straightened

to quicken channel flow.

(e) flood diversion projects are developed:

- flood distribution projects are

constructed...

spillways are constructed to collect Overspilt

(r) Siver beds and mouth are dredged,"

a) Flood.retention reservoirs are constructed

To store excess water pet ind dams,

They provide regulated and reliable Hater Supply for rrigation.

Hence Farming can be improved. -

{b) Canals are constructed to lead away muter.

to fields for irrigation.

(a): Dons are constructed to regulate channel

flow for H:E-P generation.

(b) Torée major dams are Sanwen-Gorge Dar,

Liujts Gorge: Dam and Lorgyang. Gorge Dan,

Channel flow is regulated to enable cheep water transport by river...

ta) Exposed slopes are protected by afforestation and grassing.

(UT KITTSTORS are terraced for farmingd

(c) Gullges are dimñes.

(a) Windbreaks are planted to the north.

te) Change and use- farming methods are

({ty besilting basins are constructed and the:

shcollected is drecked and used for soil improvement.

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