(17)育教日八十月一十年辰戊麿冀
1989 中學會考預習專欄
明德出版社
MILL & DALE PRESS
History (13)
The opening of China (2)
a
c. In 1740 tael of silver exchanged for less than 1000 copper coins. By 1828 it was worth over 2000 copper coins. As a result, the Chinese people faced severe financial burden since they
their received
in wages
copper coins, but they had to pay silver for taxes. Thus, it led to peasant discontent.
d. Politically, it led to a hot debate in the Manchu court. Some officials suggested that opium ned to be legalized in China, whereas other opposed this proposal.
e.
J. Lui
Last week. the underling causes leading to the opening of China were examined. This week, I would like to examine and discuss the events and the immediate causes which || 1.0 the outbreak of the First Anglo-Chinese War. In addition, I would analyse how China was opened to foreign trade after the war and the overall effect which the war Mac on her.
The immediate cause which led to the outbreak of the First Anglo-Chinese Har.
A.
1.
The issue of opium
Why did Britain export opium to China and what was its consequence? Throughout the 18th century, Sino- British trade developed not in Britain's favor. Trade deficit grew year after year because British imported a large amount of Chinese products, such as tea and silk, whereas since Cirina remained agrarian country and since she was self-sufficient economically, she did not need much foreign goods. As result, British merchants spent a huge amount of silver in buying Chinese products. To change the trading conditions. British Inerchants exported opium to China.
2. What
¿
was
the
consequence importation of opium on China?
a. Economically, Chere wa5 drainage of silver from China.
an
of
b. Such drainage lad Lo the devaluation of copper COINS China,
1989 中學會考習專欄
明德出版社
MILI & DALE PRESS
in
When considered from moralistic point. of VIEW.. the import of opium had to be barred since opium had an adverse effect on the health of Chinese people.
1. Before
報日僑
المة
1834. the conflicts interests between the British East India Company and China would not Teac to national crisis, since the Company represented the interests of merchants only.
2. On the other hard, the British Trade Superintendent was a British government official representing
the British government.
一期星日六廿月二十(八八九一)年七十七國民華中
To sum up, the following events and causes could be regarded as the cacses for the First. Anlgo-Chinese War. They are:
1. the issue of opium
2.
the
failure of the British merchants and government to trade with China in modern western way.
3. different social, political and
- moral concepts.
4. different tempos
development.
of econocic
3.
not
तै
Thus, when the Superintendent was treated equally and respectfully, it meant humiliation net only to the Superintendent, but! to Britain as well.
5.
lack of diplomatic relations,
6.
f. At length, the import of opium) was banned in China.
g. Since opium was 2 lucrative trade, the smugling of it was abundant along the coastal regions, especially 10 the Guangzhou province.
3. What did the Manchu court do in tackling the smuggling of opium into China?
Te Was out the
W25 appointed as a. Lin Zexu Imperial Commissioner. responsible for wiping opium trace.
b. He forced not coly Chinese merchants but also British trade"s to surrender their opium,
c. When the British traders did not follow Lin's order, Sino-British conflict was оп the verge of eruption.
4.
Therefore, when the British; merchants were forced by! Commissioner in to stay in their! living quarters in Guangzhou, the j newly appointed superintendent, captain Elliot, could appeal to the British Parliament and seek help from it.
result, 5. As a
the Sino-British conflict bocare a national crisis.
there
was
по
6. Since
modern diplomatic channel between Manchu Court and the British government, misunderstanding and conflicts of values and concepts inevitably leg to war.
All in all, it was a war caused by different cultures, systems and sets of values.
Comments and the significance of the Treaty of Nanjing on China.
1. The treaty was superimposed by Britain and China was not treated fairly.
2. Economically, Chine had to pay huge!
indemnity since she was forced to pay 21 million taels of silver as indemnity.
3. Politically. the traditional concept of cultural supremacy was challenged. She could no longer pride herself as the centre of authority culture and civilization,
7. it explains why
British the government adopted gun-boat policy when she forced China open herself to the West.
5.
D.
B.
The significance of the abolition of the monopoly of the British East India Company.
Other causes leading to the First Anglo-Chinese War.
1.
British East India 1. Before 1834.
Company monopol-zed trade between China and Britain.
2. After 1834, a new British Trade Superintendent was appointed" dealing with the trade
C. What was the significance of such
change
A ki
ht
Figure 2(5)
if the
stuck together
Physics (13)
aftersexstor, find
(a) their non velocity.
(b) the energy
Different social fcepts and
alues.
The Chinese
tithe Jective responsibility whereas the British held the principle of individual esponsibility.
4. British officials were given equal
standing with Chinese officials, IL was no longer necessary for them to petition Chinese officials.
Two damaging clauses of the treaty were:
a. the most favor nation clause and the extra-territorial rights las stipulated in the Treaty of Hufen) Result and consequence: 1. the integrity of China was adversely affected. Many foreign ard
mils took advantage of 40 tie extra-territorial
*Caping punishment.
b. tariff (as confi Treaty & Humen!
Consequence:
the
1. Cheap foreign
imported to China.
b. Thus, when a Chinese villager was killed by an English sailor, Commissioner Lin demanded Superintendent to Surrence the murderer to the Manchu court. When such demand was not wet, conflict was inevitable.
a ms
8 s
A
72ka
before collision
Figure 3
the
d be
westerm
ii. The advent of imperialism helped to destroy the
2. (a) Taking the direction to the
right as positive
=
Momentum before collision
(4)(33)+(6)(-8)
= 84 kgms-1
Momentum after collision
-(4+6) V
= 10 v
.. 10 84
V = 3.4 ms-1
(Ans.)
the
.. The trolleys will move
right with speed 6.4 ms.
velocity?
A 12 kg
A
3 kg
(b) Loss in K.E.
in the impact.
=
((4)(33)2 + (6)(8)2]
- 2 (4+5)(8.4) 2
fal What is the velocity (magnitude and direction) of A after collision?
the
3.
(b) Calculate tter over
magnitude and direction) during the collision.
on
A
Confucian Manchu government bit by bit.
iii. Above all, the import of cheap foreign goods made Chinese goods hard tc compete with imported goods.
iv. As a result,
Chinese native industries grew slowly and Chinese middle class remained a weak force by the turn of the century. These
later merchants Manchu Dynasty.
the challenged
6. However, the British merchants were
with still not satisfied
the limited opening of China since only five coastal cities, Guangzhou,
Fuzhou, Ningbo
Xiamer,
Shanghai, were opened.
and
anti-
а
7. Bulk of the Chinese were
foreign end anti-western. A5 result, anti-foreign incidents indirectly paved the way for the Second Anglo-Chinese War.
8.
The issue of opium ad not been settled. Also.
more opium imported to China.
was
were
9. Since foreign missionaries
allowed to preach in China (The Treaty of Huangpu) the conflicts between western religious beliefs and traditional Chinese customs were inevitable.
10. Also,
the
advent
of
Foreign
missionaries indirectly led to the Taiping Rebellion. (1650-60)
J
11. Above all, the monopolistic Co-hong
system
Lotally destroyed.
Was
foreign traders no longer relied on the Co-hong merchants in trading with China. They could trade freely in the five ports.
12. Nevertheless,
since
trading
activities were no longer confined to Guangzhou, many labors were made jobless. Such economic change indirectly,. led to the social discontent in the years to come.
13. Lastly,
the cession of Hong Kong marks the beginning of territorial annexation of the imperial powers. After 1842, the integrity of China was seriously damaged and since lot of amy year Chinese faced a
defeats and humiliation.
gnitude of Rate of change of. momentum
(4)-(-6)
0.02
500N
The average force required
500N+ weight of the ball
500 (0.4)(10) 504N
+
(Ans.)
Exercise 13 Momentum
C. Y. Mak
(where necessary, take g - 10 as 2)
1.
As shown in Figure 1(a), a block of mass
4 kg travelling with speed
-1
15 ms collides with another black
of mess 6 kg traveling in opposite
direction with
speed 6 ms-1
If
after *mpator tne
4 kn-block
-1
as shown in
returns with speed ms
Figure 1(b), find
Before impact
-1
15 MA
-
4 ×
snooth horizontal floor
Figure 1(3)
Atter impac
6 KG
6 kg
stooth horizontal floor
Figure 1(b)
(a) the scead of the 6 kg block after impact.
(b) calculate the during the impact.
lost
energy
(c) In what form the lust energy be dissipated?
2. As shown in figure 2(a) and 2(b).
the trolleys
are travelling on
smooth horizontal table before and
after impact.
33 ms
Before Impact
1
3. A gur of mass Q5 kg which can move freely on a hozortafund, fires a shell of mass 10
muzzle speed of 1800 m
system (tne, gun and the stell
at rest before firing, Find
(a) the momentum of the system before firing.
(b) the momentum of the system after firing.
(c) the vecoil velocity of the gun just after firing.
ard is
4. A ball of mass 2 kg 15 projected horizontally with speed 12 ms-t sowards vertical wall
j) rebounced back horizontally with spoed 10 ms if the time of contact during the 3.1 S. fird
collision
is
(a) change in momentum of the bail before and after collision.
(b) the force acting on the wall during collision.
5. A ball of mass 0.4 kg is released from a height of 1.8 in onto 2 horizontal floor, 1 rebounds to a height of 0.8 m.
| 6.
(a) Calculate the velocity of the ball just before and after impact. (b) If the ball is in contact with the floor for 0.02 5. what is the magnitude of the averge Conca exerted by the floor on the sphere during impact?
Two trolleys A and B move towards
-1 each other with velocity 4 ms
respectively. The mass trolley A is 12 kg and that of B is 3 kg. The two trolleys remain in contact for 0.5 secuncs during the head-on collision. After the collision, 8
with rebounds
after collision
Figure 4
force
(c) Calculate the average (magnitude and direction) un B during the collision. Compare the result with that of (b).
07
the fraction (d) Calculate energy lost during the impact. what form will the lest energy be dissipated?
Solutions
1. (a) Taking the direction to the
right as positive.
Momentum before impact
= (4)(15)+(6)(-6)
24 kgms
-1
Momentum after impact =(4)(-3)+(6)(v)
= 6v-12
By conservation of linear momentum
24 = 5v-12
V = 6 MS
-1
the Oka-block will move with
to the right.
(b) K.E. before collision
-(4)(15)2+(6)(6)>
= 2000.4 0
(a)ince the sister is at rest
efore, firing, thus total Momentum is zero.
(b) By conservation of iigear momentum, total momentum after firing is also zero.
(c) Let the velocity of the gue be v after firing.
.*. (3×103) + (103)(1800) = 0
.*. v = −6 mms*
-1
[Ans.)
The negative sign indicates the gun will recol.
4. (a) Momentum of the ball before
impact
(2)(12)
= 24 kçns
-
Momentum of the ball after
impact
= (2)( -10)
2-1
= -20 kgms
Change in momentum
(-20)-24
-1
= -44 kums (Ans.)
(The negative sign indicates in opposite direction)
▼
.. Magnitude of Change in morentum is 44 kyms-1,
(b) Magnitude of average force
- Magnitude of Rate of change
2
of momentum
(0.4)(44)
0.1
= 176N
5. (a) Velocity before impact
√2gh
=
- √2(10)(1.8)
-1
{Ans.)
6(a) Take the direction towards the
ight as positive.
Let the velocity of A after the
-1 collision be V ms •
Initial momentum of the system
= (12)(4)+(3)(-8)
= 24 kgms
Final momentum of the system
= (12)(v)+(3)(4)
= 12v 12
By conservation of momentum
24 = 12vi12
V = 1
.. the velocity of A is 1 ms
towards the right.
(b) The average force on A
-1
= rate of change of icmentum of
A
=
« (121(3)-012)(4)
0.5
- -72N
Ans: The average Force on A is 72N towards the left.
(c) The average force on B
=
В
rate of change of momentum of
(3)(4)-(3)(-8)
- 72N
0.5
.. the average force on 3 is 724
towards the right.
we
Compared with the result of (b), see that the average force exerted วา A by B is equal in magnitude with the average force exerted on B by A bus opposite in direction. Thus,
it satisfies Newton's 3rd Law of Motion.
(d) Since there is no change ia
Gotential
before
and
energy after the impact, therefore the energy loss in this collision
is equal to the kinetic energy loss.
Initial kinetic energy
- (12)(4)* + (3)(8)*
= 192 C
Final kinetic energy
- 20121(1)2 + (3104)2
- 300
The fraction of energy lost
192-30
192
= 558 3
and
OF
K.E. after collision
(4)(3)2 + (9)(673
= 126 3 ..Loss in energy
558. - 126
= 432 J [Ans.)
A
= 6 ms (downwards) (Ans.).
Velocity just after impact
27
= 32
velocity of 4 ms as shown in figure 4.
(c) Mainly converted into neat and
Sound energy.
E
- √2(10)(0.8)
-1
= 4 ms
(upwards) (Ans.)
Figure 2(a)
[Ans.)
The lost energy converts mainly
into heat energy and sound
energy.
幔銀彩七日八十月
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「不介意畫?」我問他。
「不是很厲害啊。」
CHEANEY
「如果對而要作更大的演出,闭上了她演嗎?」
「她紅蒂云群大會法定的了。」他倒苔得特別,但
@出演感性友女意
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,
兩個嶺地方,也是會。 其中七部舊戲,新戲 大會堂演出,迎日共|前,她去了歐洲,在巴的演出。
舞台演出,共九部戲 演出 共緯五六場,不及香港的濃以及 | 数恩ㄧ另一部則是未定 問及梅雪詩今年如 當運勃,一台接一台的 一日,鄭鳳更脅在九龍門起打衆變的,多年也可他此觀摩一下別人 佔兩郭,一部是「游覧 新舊強一起演出的。 至於今年的粤劇相 一至十五會在香港的 日也會到九龍高山劇場,是说六國的聖溼氣氛, 在豐曆初十至二十 她答狨是會與朋友空便會抽身到場觀宕,
Becantes 206-2921÷ 3x82 53<3 上出,她示自己一打
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「保咩?咁佢豈不是好高度。
REWMENA ZK ZUME
3.K
日夜都帶住錫到燶
S
*=*
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「係咩,入晒我數呀?」 费,照阿MAY(林志英文名)講嘅!」,〇盤磔造自己開監孫仔,幾個朋友
一系嘅,我在待出至製,入晒你数步,但難遇到佢麼多
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