1988-11-14 — Page 16

帮敢行行員輔

的育資。担讚

報日僑華

退,就不於中

的關

的情况。”

!多於身批次

二的

把的就不由管失

現認的未出的致用人方大部 類房 加爲,麵外不 案件 校 崽 及舊委 租何亦型

有著

文先得 補佤教育作用。

藏

,私人校的

同三,的長二籍生問經一有的必要

有學術問間學不於作上徑下說對滿

牌

市

國際 加租 新們的街 六議務 租金 檢語

鲜梁

黑啟 徐坊 結屋 憲此,些到部目相

石渡

較們學。 出選 雙療生的

外有派

無意識的入讀夜校,希望可以完成中學教育

·凡知社會的最低價値要求是中學起先,

中發揮其補償教育的責任。 船作其程度上的媺材,始可修補其弊,使役 。谮裙心態導致一個更財散的態度,就是他

大较。。但緃整體來 性和粱感性可言。

而已。追種學習心態,当 們以工作財主,請做只不過光

,以致造 一君,他們的質素仍度那不齊,其中更存在着 種種問題,例如學術水平低,學生流失盘大

成一種印

一所正規的,而且質素高的夜中學,質 開辦夜中學,看來似是容易,然而,要 在不是一

夜中發展有待改善

件易辦的

方面,如獎助學金、峭導工作等,都未能鷄 立良好的制度,致使缺乏校園氣氛,學生對 湖爲原則,造成在學術方面及其他學生事務 [!]被方沒有崇高的辯學理慣,甚至對於學生的經濟而言,夜中學者能说 持有錯誤的觀念,以辦夜中學作爲投資炮座 獎助學金,以及一些工說計劃,如酸學寶】 等,可以減輕同學的經濟負担及工作間,

一,還要有良好的師資 - 與及一套輔助性的制

二,故此,在辦學的整體方向上,皆取 AAA

·的特許行榜,有下友 奥日校課程相同的基本條件之外,更重要的一

體進食

刻的

玄

AI教,提供某課輔導班,幫助那些學業

學學上付學對

生流動自然大。 課敷衍了事,不負设任,教學氣散慢,嵗們對課程的紧握。

術程 - 只求完成教學進度所規定的課程,

(三)夜校老師大多乏照護學生的學 慎的升學棘導,例如升學資料介桕,又或

台北萬琂G值的上開至精與興風

「便算證實,這導致追不上程度的學生,上 A

繼續升學之外,

部分的夜中學,大多開辦至中五班秒,最多 芯 〔四)缺乏一整修的輔導工作,目前大 以坦加同學求學的主動性和製極性。

也只有中大,但學生完成學業級,校方没有 在荃灣海濱花団地利亞修女紀念學校開辦正 規说中學,其辦學理想,是針對貝學實際特 本人得知新學年開始,聖類斯教育機構

學時 營提 中瀾 本期

來夜 船供 學海 同

由上述的原因來看,大部分的聖中學之破現特夜波及展的大宮抽的後上課一 一的希望和信心,造成他們短視的學習心態, 出事建條所及開案,此項斯新書試,可望突 提供繼續升學的途徑,由於對前景沒有更遠 題;退供升學補導,及工讀計劃,更脚本

-對學業不堅持,不認此

以未能達到超想,就是因為嚴重缺乏資深

航

訊

『五大

BC

1989 中學會考預習專欄

ril

明德出版社

MILL & DALE PRESS

40

Physics (7)

20

C. Y. Mak

0

Tine/minutes 19

ל

Exercise 7: Change of state

?

3.

3.36x105 Jkg~1

latent

heat

kg

ot

ice remains

00

melted. Asume surroundings

heat loss to

二百餘項老少咸宜的文娛活動*4年 日嘉年華會,前後爲期十日,包括冇 作

加拿大旅遊的人士 雪地枯趣,加國首府———渥太華, 遊戲,最受兒童歡迎。而「冰幻世界 遊客前往參說,今后的冬卻將於八九 ,其中最受楸迎的當然要离專吃小陔 当季比賽,更是加拿大歷史上重要的 舉辦的第十屆冬的俠吸引了逾百萬的 及雜技專家穿梭於人卒之間表演米 分而又不失恨樂。而一年一度的狗拉 一年一度的「多節」會最好去處。 一褒刚歡有近百件的冰雕,有喜劇人 傳統,氣勢如虹的駿馬奔馳在雷多 「冬節」是加拿大最負盛醬的冬

河上,特别緊張刺激扣人心弦。「世 物的雕像、藝術品,也有出自幻想的 | 孪 日遊樂場設有龏雪团成的科梯和雪車 斯瓦冬季運動的最佳特摊。 冬除期間,合有許多小丑、魔術 好手所熱衷參予的項目,過程觧險英

| 貝魯珠(PIT U VIKJ 的冬 的遊客來說,「冬節」是他們告試 界戶外國際珧描比賽 亦是許多運動

「莫倒斑馬」是冬節最古老的

【 年二月三日至十二日舉行,伯料能吸 的「虫」外,多運河上的

綫

大三

Where necessary. take

=

Specific heat capacity of water # 42003kg~15~1.

Specific latent heat of fusion of ice

Specific

vaporization of water

= 2.268 x 106 Jkg*1.

Specific heat capacity

21003kg-1x-1

1. Calculate the energy required to change 0.2 kg of ice at -10°C Lo steam at 100°C.

2. A 180W electric heater is used to

heat 0.4 kg of a liquid X from room temperature in welated

台

container. The temperature of the

liquid against time of eating is plotted as shown in figura) ow.

HONG

(a) what is the room temperature? (b) What is the boiling point of

liquid X?

(c) What is the specific heal

capacity of liquida

(d) What is the specten. Ja tunt heat of vaporizadon ofert

vessel of masset.4 Retains

of water At 2019 The vessel

alloy of Specific heat

6-1k-1 sf 0.3 kg cf

is added to the water

(a) find the value of-x

(b) how much steam at 100°C must then be blown into the mixture to raise the temperature tc 20°C.

4. Figure 2 shows the apparatus which may be used to measure the specific latent heat of vaporization water,

studiował:

100-par

ازاد

(a) Draw a simple diagram to show

how the apparatus can be set up for the experiment.

{b} The following

明

are readings

taken in the experiment,

Mass of water at the beginning =1.5 g.

Mass of water after the disk in

the kilowatt hour meter rotated

84 revolutions = 1.3 kg.

Kmeter calibration

$00 rev/kuh.

ne the specific

vazori zɛLion of

共圖

suggest two mai

err why thi

different

value.

frod

Solutions to Exercise 7

1. Energy required

raise the

temperature of ice from -10°C to

(0.2)(2100)(10)

= 42000

Energy required to change ice into

(0.2)(3.36x105)

water at CC

672000

Energy required

理 raise

temperature of water frum CC tu

(0.2)(4200)(100-0)

of

E

84000J

Energy required to change water steam at 100°C

= (0.2)(2268000)

beling vater

# 453600J

2.

四另

The total required energy

· [q + E + Ez + Eq

{Ans,}

(a) From the graph,

Room temperature=24°C

(b) Doiling point of liquid X

- 84°C

(c) Let P-Power supplied to liquic

xby eaten

At-time interval

AC-PA D

=ms40

(where AB-rise in temperature}

Pat=ms&H

Pat

m 40

1

X

(slope of the graph, 180 Эхбо

(84-24)

BOJkg

{ANE)

atent heat of

80)(3x60)

324003kg)

(Als.)

(a) Mass of ice te

-0.07

3kg

Energy given

sel and

its conte

(20-0)

=8.4x+67200

{Ans.)

=(0.42)(x)(-(0.8)(72007

.. 8.4x+67200=0.23x236000

X=1250

(b) Let m k of sleam are required.

Energy evolved brs

= (226800) (m) +

=2604000m

20)

4. (a)

w

its contents

Energy absorbed by vessel and

(0.07)(330000)+(0.42) (1200) (23-0)+(0.8+0,3) (1200) (20-0)

= 126000!

26040001-126000

m=0.04839

(Ans.)

(b)(i)lass of water at 100°C boiled

away

=1.5-1.3

=0.2 kg

Energy transfered during per revolution of the cisk

1000x3600

- 60003

600

Total energy supplied

= 84x6000

- 5040003

.. Specific latent heat of

vaporization of water

504000

0.2

= 2520000

2.52x106Jkg-1.

(ii) The main sources of error are

1. steam condenses on the top heater drops back into the beaker.

2. bailing is vigorous and a few drop of water may jump

out of the beaker,

1989 中學會考預習專欄

·明德出版社

MILL & DALE PRESS

History(7)

d. Lui

The rise of nation-states in Europe (2) The unification of Italy

英國歐洲 歐洲 地中海 欧洲

大日郵 十六 招商局 秋游海 大海柏

地中海

秋

綫

弗里曼特賣 澳洲

十六

嵴

十八道濕

澳洲 新四開

十八怡和 二十太古

集綫 阿拉伯灣 紅海 阿拉伯灣 紅海

大

十六大

科倫城卡拉奇

十八

海

紅瓶

十八四鄉

粗濰

十八戮随

阿拉伯灣

馬德拉斯卡拉斯十八亞運 遮打

十八 達 十八慌

i 綫

新加炼饪能 新加毁 馬尼拉

大辫

曼谷 印尼

觉得

曼谷

十七 亞利來 十七 · 江 十七

more

加坡巴生味能中爬十七 馬士基 曼谷新加坡梅城 十七 招商局 馬尼拉

十七

新加坡巴生 新加坡庛能 巴生新加坡

十八排下

十九大小 十九 字

「本・釜山綫

釜山 天津 天津 上海 大蓝 基隆日本

十七 運 十大 招商局 十六

山 台灣 简縱

台灣

高雄 台灣

十六招商局

十六興

六

鳃 十六大榮

十七耀

南京南道 上海 四門

十大華

十七週 十七 招商 十七

上海 福州 台灣日本

日本

七太平

十七类物

Last week,

the

I examined underlying and inmediate reasons behind the independence of Belgium. This week, I would like to examine different forces and factors which paved the way for the unification of Italy.

Unlike Belgium, the Italians faced gigantic obstacles in their national independence movement.

Factors which helped the spread of nationalism.

The oppressive foreign and native tulers, e.g. the King of Naples,!

discontent. aalong generated

the Italians.

site thre was no proper form of choped for the Italians to air Their hatred discontent and anger, they formed ecp socpeties For example. the *bonari

Young Italy.

well-organized. They lacked careful all erupted planning

without much

simultaneously, coordination.

作

b. At first, the revolutionaries succeeded in forcing, the rulers of Naples to grant them a liberal constitution. Revolts broke out successfully. the Austria-controlled states venetia, Loinhardync Taicany.

3. These secret societies had a common..

goal of achieving independence by means of staging uprisings and revolutions.

1820's, they appealed the - In

mainly to the workers, students and intellectuals.

4. The Romantic Movement and the study of their past glory also ignited Italian nationalism.

--The Gomantic intellectual of the 1830's, Giuseppe Mazzini, founded the Young Italy

aimed independence

ส

through the support of workers

achieving national

and intellectuals.

- Moreover,

品 ideas

was

The obstacles faced by the Italians. 1. Urlike

which Belgium, originally an independent state in 1815, Italy was mainly governed by foreign rule. It could be best described as

geographical expression in 1815 only because - except the Kingdom of Piedmont- Sardinia, the rest of the Itaiian

States were ruled either by the

Austrians, the French (the Hauso

of Bourbons) or the Pope.

2. Unlike Belgium, Italy was ruled and

controlled by Austria.

-The independence of Belgium was ensured and the political map of 1815 ฟ partly altered just because the Austrians were preoccupied with the suppression the national uprisings

alsewhere in empire.

3. Thus,

unlike the independence movement of Belgium, Austria intervened and tried her best in suppressing the

national independence movements inside her empire.

01 nationalism were characterized by

universal love for the oppressed in the world.

The

immediate cause Of Revolution of 1848 in Italy.

tough the King of Pichunt, Charles albe, välularity, granted Discalled fiberal constitution, he was not able to gain the support of the republicans and the Pope.

d. The Republicans were radical, and the Pope turned France for help.

c. At last, the Republic of Rome formed acer the leadership of Mazzini was crushed.

for

3. Throughout their struggle

independence, the Italians had to face two big enemies. They were France and Austria. However, the Italians lacked strong armed force, so they were finally crushed and suppressed.

The impact of the 1848 Revolution on the Unification of Italy

the

The French intervention

– The February Revolution in France

encouraged 1848 revolutionaries

in

of

the other countries to stage revolts and demand liberal reforms.

-- The

Italians seized the opportunity and staged a lot of insurrections, and rebellions.

- For some time, the Austrians were" driven away from the territory.

- However, the revaits were hunted down and the Italians were not able tc gain independence that stage.

Causes

1. Before 1848, the greatest enemy which prevented Italy from gaining independence was Austria.

-After 1848, France had become

another obstacle.

-The rise of Louis Napoleon, the

of Rephew Napoleon Bonaparte, meant that France would take an active Dart in European

diplomacy.

- IN 1848, Louis fapoleon crushed the republic set up by Mazzini in Rowe in order to please the French Catholics at home.

at

The

new

1. The revoluntionary leaders were too

divided

the en

future form of governments.

a. Mazzini demanded a form cf government.

strategy

Revolutionaries

of the Italian

2. Learning from the tragedy of the Revolution of 1848, the Italians realized that disorganized and በቲ spontaneous uprisings could force the Austrians

from the Italian territory.

They realized that they needed a strong armed force and correct military strategy.

republican

釜山

日本 台灣日本 釜山 日本

肉洗

十七

興

十七 招商局

4.

十七

利

十七 十七大榮

發

movements

It 高 because dS far as interests of the Austriang were concerned the tri

these }

the

C.

the

ther Pape theocracy.

The Piedmont King preferred monarchy.

hoped to form a

綫

3. Also,

ried

her best to hunt down the

ians

與非 梁非

十六

uprisings in the 1830's and 1940.

链 七太平

disintegration vi her

5. As a result, the Austri

2. The nationalist forces were poorly

organized.

a. The Italians uprisings were not

they realized that. the success of the movement depenced on the strength of their armed force and economy and foreign help.

4. Thus, Charles Theat the Kingdom

of Piedmont Sardinia introduced a series of strengthenghis Kingdom.

So

地

- He done finances, and the Arey, agated agriculture, and Lorand tariffs.

Charles Albert stin ruted as an absolute monarchy, Tedmont become one of the most politically conscious and active parts of Italy.

5. Another significant development was the that after 1848, nearly all Italian patriots realized that they should rally behind the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia if they wanted to

to

their Austria

fight independence.

Win

- Thus. Garibaldi, the follower of Mazzini, handed the conquered Naples to Cavour in the later years.

The role of Cavour in the unification of Italy

ntil 1961, Count Camillo di Cavour was one the mest important men ir Italian politics.

2. He was

convinced liberal devoted to constitutional liberties and to develop along modern lines the agriculture, industry ១៥ fiance of his country.

3. His mission

Was

to and

life Piedmont "westernize" eventually the whole of Italy.

4. He strengthened the power of the King by reducing the power of the Church.

5. He carried out the reforms with the

consent of the parliament.

6. Also, he strengthened the economy of Piedmont by making a series of commercial treaties with Belgium. France and England.

7. He strengthened the fianca

Piedmont by expanding her commerce. the Бу 1854, he modernized structure of business corporations, banks, cooperative societies, the civil administration, and the army which were based on the British and French models.

8. He strengthened the political ties

between Piedmont and the liberal West by forming a series

of diplomatic alliances and wars. For instance, he backed up France and the Crimean War of

Britain in

1855-56.

to the above reforms and

Piedmon: become 個 modernized

Thanks 9.

strategies,

prosperous

고

state

which was capable of leading the rest

Italiens the

independence.

to

10. Thus by 1861, the Kingdom of Italy

with Piedmont as its cure but stil excluding Vonetiz anc Rome was founded.

The significance of the Italian Unification Points to consider 1. As examined

the 1848 before. Revolution marked a watershed in the national independence movement of Italy.

2.

Before 1848, the secret societies led the movement. However, after 1848, it was led by the enlightened statesmen and revolutionaries.

3. Before 1848, the military strategy of the revolutionaries was confined to the staging of insurrections and uprisings. After 1848, the revolutionary leaders were more realistic. They realized the importance of strengthened armed force and modern economy in their struggle for independence. By 1848, romanticism nad died down.

4.

The political strategy of the Italians also changed after 1848. After 1848, the Italians were more realistic. Before 1848, they purely relied on their on efforts in their struggle for independence. After 1843, the enlightened leaders realized the importance of foreign

in their help

struggle independence.

- Tous, they leaned on France, then On Britain, later they neede: German

incorder support

the political

complete unification.

tc

5. The role of enlightened leaders and statesmen should not be overlooked when we assess the significance of the movement.

| 6. Unlike Germany, the Unification of Italy did not upset the balance of power of Europe.

7.

Because of their social, political and

economical differences, political unity

between.

the the

northern Italy and southern Italy did pose a lot of problems which were later to be inflated bombast of fascism.

(end)