1988-11-10 — Page 39

華僑日報 All

四期星 日十月一十(八八九一)年七十七國民華中

·場廣輕財 聞港

日二初月

華僑教育

慶祝中大廿五週年

學生會辦連串慶祝

由一個防止誘拐、保護姆孺的華人 、黃永樹。〔天 ,經過超過一世紀的發及,保良局梁樹安坑像、隍何賓達及夫婿附民台戲播助慶等。食物和買物攤位居多,不能盡 悬保良局建立一百一十揭年局慶日 流裁、李川成沆源、王漵幹你優、同學校等,其他還有舞獅,魔術表演及商萊爾 據保良局表示:十一月八日怡一能芦、李振诏沉碭、汪明荃、左明括有不同的樂除演奏,來自英畢,懲教處及不 另、少添伉儷、劉慶祝伉茲、匏 遊藍實物會當日節目豐富,攤位米多,包 錄,屆時請習參加,既可與那些病童北享快

償願

在愉敦的時候

程介明

。因爲指處久了, ,有許多社洲同學

[遊踪]

的風格 特殊的文化,特殊 總钍得他們在一種 大宮談得很没契

周筠木月十二日一星期,各會並設有專題展鼍一 會,展覽地點在沙田中 系會以深入使出的形,向參觀過覺的人。 有二十尙至會和兩周院祝活動,參展的院會與 名爲「中大概」的起媽身歷其境,才知道其言極權的關鍵。 展览,令翊展蟋的單位大學學生團體組被的進「旁的圍途大帝放映一顿,了解一個比方的教育,親身經,或者

中大蜆殼留英獎學金

退磁中文大學,英爾雜生沙山大學校園,

● 上午臬特至下午五時的是讓就會人士深入而民可選將火源或也上 六時及十三日(星期日÷會上的問頃。襄咒動,歡迎各界人上參罷。 六)下午二時三十分至,從多方南亞文化與 小又大學 民

二十五当年慶祝活動,1個學生興戲團體臾院 站跽臂湯組之間。 文大學已開始各項建娆 民党期內,中大多按截市民往來大學永車 自本年三月始,山州大學與社會的影斃。將有現次頻密的巴

與連樹 五週年中天座、大型研討會,被我,包括有救、國術 本週末起爲期兩天舉辦校慶展覽 為慶祝香港中文天中包括一連串的學術 | 協會為大奇提供文學家 展中國家,其中又很大部份是談藝*在 苏区谈教育發展的文章,落伞談發

學生會躺上的院會和系書樂會與餐舞會等,、話劇與舞蹈等。此外,到過發後,在

文大學的大學廣場,日式介紹有關的木科课程L介绍中文大學的發展洲。”洪症者身

接受申請廿一日止截

申請表格可向中大學生事務處索取

,加上香港教育行政學會在意主牖下村區 咸會議在粉雅舉行。既是那游,又是不行 远次剛好是英聯系教育行政學會的區

歷,最好還是她上會議。 一人到中年,又似乎不允許我行者股到站筵 佤所殯, 可能遇到專門給遊客看東西- 一份去,一則甚少有非洲囤;即使有,也只

來才知道現在在了許多新航娆。俊正是經 機票要比到香港的讶,加起来费過萬,後

編者披:本網以後從星期三

」再度接受問請「得獎一起 英國進·學金金活對本港社會可能作出之月廿一日前交间該磁。 學業成祺、 金租索取,與安 *沿中文大學豆術|畢業之中大同學均河中一貢獻而定。邱講洛可 人在一未八九年極化,品格、興趣及特彩、啓用於一九八八年十二港,张立基爲星嘉賓及

該校一圮設钌英獎學令副I门级顶股博险。 持中文大學學生事務及星期六刊出,敬請讀者注意

元,现已在各城市花海 陳會票價爲門十八 特別嘉林志美助興。

is obvious

that

4-3 19

E

報日僑華

包括來

費及生插

嶺南理工兩學生會

「流行」之弱智人士作 【要支出外,將發「協 之全部收入,除一句必

合辦慈善綜合晚會

人所辦

之年期而定

本月廿七演藝學院舉行

善舉,湖泪話:

做公開發售,避 各界人仕坚步欣賞,

*** ↓ 當嘅除了各同學表

『留英兵學金 九六五仁以後善隧事,名為「星輝 3由香縠存限公司 每年一度的大專界 學生會、恒生商學院學粵劇外,更邁得吳國敬 a 收入捐協康會張智人士

華理工地產管理三年級生

( 39 ) ##

日二初月十年辰戊曆夏

不求為陶陶,展此而火行百江門也

、瑞年都示,且

優異生,交是項資助的台晚會,已定於十一月 在英國際 萬級學位粢 七出晚上七時十三族

將考察北京房地產問題

定明年成行籌備工作經已展開

一次的地,則爲中國 國領土,南洋盆

位,日倒在英進修之區 李蘊七裝玉生,預期的插有七所大專院校。 一九八年剂系性 學院學生會合辦,為辭 赞人王德言君乃中文大 湖工學院學生會及嶺南 祹,其山六名腹博上學 猳香港演藝學院歌劇廳 舉行。是次晚會由香裕 業生,朗處將於產法做 生食、柏立基教育學院, 房產有E了解,而八九後的香港與正式画攝中 改和財政。在行政方罰 粑於八"夏季形成共計有:香港大學學生會 院地產管理三年級學生地委管海系越掙化 八八七年成八八年之爭性體、將港路上學院學 讓先師生對異地的地產 有緊密迫繫,而九七以,並以兩位進行:行 凡中,一九八六年,生會,香港浸會學院學 年春節均舉辦考察團,粘在政治、經濟方面都王作,在令年三月展 、西港城市理工學院學 為加深對木科認識,伢 京作考察,是书感到中 (#8)

大學山

開塲白!各領風騷

再來一次已触和擞,所謂「 也有十多年的歷史,正好給我 粤語证行樂撬發展至今,

沾、黃霑,可謂語詞壇為 七十年代的國讧、磁國 浩湖。 迴的發展似乎越見委靡不振。 變易,爲自己的詞風轉變作好 丹青

一才人出,齐了空要的一頁,三人的風格,以至近日超的八美、林梦

此番行举匠的凉

構的經費資助, 活动-唔求各大公司發 項外,亦包括舉辦怎 政方面,除包强收之啜 安排游問、參觀券。 、聯絡內大學教授及

、解交通,住宿問恒

識和體會到在不行政治 箫鼓門和桜惟,該 概况。八一藉發想 將力與及進來的發展 ,北京地產市場的發乐

一探討在開展政策下

參谠和知識上的交流, 強,並促進兩地學界人

|北京清華大學的師生作 士的游通告 *

卜運作。「三)

而且常常掛在樂迷的咀,因 发行歌詞的變化要較樂來的麵 遊歷,也許詞的淺白眞钻、 色 - 在於接近年说一代,鄉、 辰大。逖比樂曲走得更前突, 邀詞的風穎老糖、黃詞的亦雅 盧、黄二人的兹妮花與時代脫會湯浸的題組,包括上 ,都能樹一幟,後者無著 、陳少琪,他們都有共同的特 三八十年代的詞癯山林頓强 |、土地導氓條例及內地

「此,討論粵語歌詞的發展,和巴爲粤語。 2舘,而是他們的對象亦已成長 地行政、城市規劃準則

二:那些銹詗燈進行與監化工作的 展示現今流行樂燠歌詞的風貌 能在這三種路雞以外,則立蹊,筆者特設此欄,本季樂送介 兩年前的歌詞安問顯,曾命;但三位所共有的,在於詞中,在以後的日子裡,偶爾瓦的情 ,都是意義重大的,正如不過彬;開闢新天地,誠然非易事 紹當今流行歌詞爲主,但也想 十年代的詞壇,藉此細看花壇

了。正是江山才人,冬領越區 測計師的前景。

日湖人大爲頭痛。即使有人也质 法的,行程】 的形衡。全

,而也向實俗戒低級的作品,免過於氣勢。只是 之中,令人有大快人心的感覺 江郎才盡」-迟未 ,流行的語句,新韵門現歌詞 。如果說是三人一 彩金面貌的工具。那些通俗的,三人所較少税營的 之,改詞是次級文化,是反映,都是財、琳、黃 灬用情頤而已。又或者進而言 新奇,比險的新鲜 本作品的一種排式,都不過是新的活力。想象的 求過爛;而那些把戬精彩成交 粵語詞壞帶來了 錄散对方不遂赴一種娛樂,但十年代的林振強, 他們三人止要稍作

性,都有裨位 「指對大家保送生活和工

的考澡,除了帶來一定 的學術電法及對內地地一 ||學都冇心理凖——站

|幾近弈度的天氣下如常 難得的機會和體裁 盧所能做到最好。這個

麥親,如特交流,各司

豐富而刺激的旅程,在 爲該班阿季平添了一些 產方面的瞭解外,亦

造福爲期約5星期

I | 携手悠保良屣案欸演出之「这名 [名希新馬師、吳君及謝雪心

會服務機將,提供服務包括:住宿的,門鈴的熱研

、日托、康復、安慧、康樂及醫療

何不疼而以報價費而徵收,人人亦惊得 ,亦須由股民來付,無則稀矣。 查實,收附加費,其名目不受歡迎,

說港股值得投資,是因爲香港經濟坦長强马

而逐往英國的非資價值下降。但同一期間內,中

衣女

香蔥 機同

营演會台香

【觀衆耳短,所

3vid | 太今紳士出任大會上證人。_ 表演嘉賓之一紅修女,個別香| 出席晚會有保良局主席曹金 會堂音樂應舉行,文雄市政司徐注 重大。曹金燕主席致香港華人版 衣食住及教育等。 旗「以竑嚐胆」,另何錢女夏高程伉儷、李超金卯及夫婿李旭光、當日所無視之欸項全部將撥作主都該院之物理 龍出花順七年久, 优價,副主席:陸慶源优齋、莊對一月十二日在大口段迫十二號,醫院內步行, 此機會

| 行力支持,贊助港幣十萬元。 「怡慈善涎演』十一月八日假香港大 次演出除無联建設費外,意義非常核除免費供應醫療服務外,還免費供給 ,照顧香港社會有需要的一环。是等服務。 湯悅桅优裝、周鷸壞,總理:唐芯 治療部之用,這是其中最重要部門之一。” , 一年一度的慈善實物會將在不星期六,十

窗一樣,自然是要問價,雖云 ,有人反對,則買股、金者一 君不瑭時下之「被公司,拓張業務 係傳械上搭傳金價、低,其收服務費

寶雅仍有長。

轉口貿易的蓬勃,更從實情推長四成半這一點可以 國 大陸、日本及西歐市協奏現良好,熱能瞒的中 示出來。值得注意者其中一部份轉口貨其實是造商在大陸 。今年級國宋,落實因得美國市農路有, 股海風雲 浩貨出口

這股

104

的老鈔,雙低於每方呎三十元,而新形和一般在必 、二期,愁山大厦、买地廣暪及太子大限等物業可是,不論在什麼出局面來,這一份成功

,不少單位亦會在年內租約期滿。大多數舊租和

1

特殊服務-亦更加樂意俾數。 啟人去大球場維持秩序,

** 亦收特殊服務費察,何况炒股 吉

建言家百

儀子諸曲

涇總用已包括在內,然而,有内部背所產品,大昌溶入取得。所以,本港的

支出不會太多。

·朝道毎方的四十五无元以上。 正骨波長的情况下,置地公司今年的盈利展很冤受鄰室之肉,如玉 字樓都供不陋求,因此新福約都會有較大的租金升櫛。毅 時交扰,不在满下》」的大門,過去,「 地目前的負債数已越至很低,利率又不再上升故此利息 另一次,便是李老豐」很少有········· 由於目前中氓、尖沙咀、仔及銅灣的 有勇夫,裝修公司林,一價 太抱恙,在養和醫院休 中國人做主 闽

一情現下,一個體年內, “侠李嘉勰開心得不

必須竣工。重實之下,

得了。

- 實有莫大關

蔡炒河指,万分分鐘一交發達

二段八售)股,都有良好的盈利前景。 個都有大福摸著長,道就使地產投資八次用,没及地尧發 迅速,內部消費轉為所賜。一年多以來,把字的租金及撰 地產物業市埸的興旺,更屬奇迹,這也是拜經濟成長

入亦會有很大坍長。這便是經紀行推介地產投资股的原因 有不少空證,可是,却門口碑上 佰託、安邦等公司,加上信和對業及信和地產等,租 租了下來,雖然其字,正刻在 不單是置地、長江實業、新基地產、恆隆、希愼及|太所生的那冠內房-半 李嘉誠的名

∵保高

果然淸靜多

1989 中學會考預習專欄

明德出版社

MILL & DALE PRESS

Chemistry (7)

R. Chu

Unit 4: Revision Notes on Redox

Reactions

1. Electronic Theory of oxidation

Reduction Reactions

1.1 Oxidation is the loss or removal of

more one

electrons from

chemical species such as an dtom, a molecule, an ion or a radical.

1.2 Reduction is the gain or acceptance

of

more electrons by a chemical species. e.g. Na oxidation Nat

Fe2+ uxidation Fe3+ +è ̄

+2e

reductioļ 201- 3+ reduction, Fe2+

Fe+

1.3 An oxidant is a chemical species which accepts or gains electrons during a reaction. i.e.. it is an electron acceptor.

1.4 A reductant 13 a chemical species which donates or loses electrons during a reaction, i.e., it is an electron donor.

1.5 Since

oxidation and reduction reactions always occur together, so they are more commonly known as the redox reactions. Hence, 3 redox reaction is. according to the Electronic Theory,

which involves transfer of electrons from a reductant to an oxidant.

e-g.

dation{lcoss of e }

(a) Fe**{a3)+1 {aq)→Fe2+(dq}+ jlp!&q}

reduction/gain of e") (An electron is

2-2

transferred

from an I" ion ta Fe2+ ion.)

(b)

uxidation loss of e")

Zn(s)+Cu2+(aq) →→ Zh2+(aq)+Cu{s;

L

reductica(gain of e)

(Two electrons are transferred from

a Zn-atem to a cu2+ ion.)

Question 4.1

State the oxidants and reductants in

the following redox reactions.

(a) 2Fe(s)+301,(g)-2FeCl3(3).

(b) Mg(s)+24*(aq)→Mg2* (a¢}+H2[9]. {c}2Fe3+(au)+Sn2+(aq)→2Fe2+(aq)

+Sn*+(aq)

(d) Cu{s)+2Aç*(aq) →→ Cu2*(aq)+2Ag(s)

2.

Oxidation Numbers

2.1 Oxidation Aumbers are directed numbers assigned to the elements, whether free or combined, acceding to some simple rules. The sign of an oxidation number nust always come before the number. There is no i physical significance to be attached to these arbitrary numbers in any circumstances.

:

2.2 Rules for assigning the Oxidation

Mumbers (0.N.}:-

(1)Atoms in the elementary (free) state are given an O.N. of zero. (2) The Case of a nonatomic ion is simply the charge on is. A cation has a positive 0.N. while an anion has a negative one, e.g. the ON.'s

of Nat. Fe3+ and Clare +1, +3. and -1 respectively.

(3) in a polyatomic structure the more electronegative atom is given a negative 0.N. and the less electronegative atom a positive hi, eg. in the compound 101, the

+1

C.N. of C is -1 and that of 1 is because chlorine is more electronegative than todine.

(4) Hydrogen is usually given an O.N. of. +1. in all its compounds except the metallic hydrides, in which its e.N. is -1.

(5) Fluorine, being the mcst electronegative element, is always. given an 0.. of -1.

(next to

(6) Oxygen, being the second most electronegative element fluorine) usually has in all its compounds peroxides, where its and the fluorine de

its 0.N. is +2.

N. of -2

cent, the

Javiere

(7) The algebraic sum ore 0.N.'s

the ators of all

is zero for a neut pgf but equal to its electrote for a polyatomic

(8) 北

ion.

acom in a chemical scicsangcsing of two or more eleĥents may be obtained by first assigning a reasonable .. to each of the other elements in the species.

2.3 It is to be noted that the seme elenght have different oxidaesaraaambers when contained in different Chemicals species, e.g. carboyy 0.4. of 42 in C1 but

Question4y Assign 納

純口 each of

the

underlined edgehts in the following.

chemical species

(a) Cat2

(D)

F

3. Change in Oxidation Number and

Oxidation-Reduction Reacts

electrons and accepting electrons

给 opposite processes, 5€,

'stranger cxidant must be a weaker reductant and vice versa.

4.2 The same chemical species can be a reductant in one reaction but an oxidant in another, depend on with what substance it reacting.

103(50, is

0

¿S→2H20+35 (502 is an

oxidant.)

This implies that the oxidants and redictants are actually relative terms and their applications depend on the relative strengths of the substances concerned as cxidant or reductant. In the example above, it

sulphur dioxide has

stronger

a reducing power oxygen but

weaker

than hydrogen sulphide, so, it reduces oxygen but is reduced by hydrogen sulphide. However, powerful oxidants And reductants always act as such. Only the weaker exidants and reductants can goings both oxidants and reducantorcing to the

which they react..

metallic elements maye reductants because

they Scottrons readilym cations

le the onĒLI

Step 3

Adding up the equations (5) and

(6) to eliminate the electrons, we have the following balanced equation.

201 +352 + →→2A13+ +350

Question 4.你

Balance the following redox reaction.

he&*(aq)+Clgiaq) →Fe3+(aq)+C1^{an}

g Solution to Q.4.1.

electrons. Clis the oxidant. accepted electrons.

it has

elements are often oxigawat dlloy Ma) Fe is the reductant as it has lost accept electrons

form anions. The more eletromsitive the metal, the stronger T be its reducing power, and

the electronegative the non-metal, the stranger will De its oxidizing

power.

5. Table of Some Common Oxidants and Reductants

KON

3.1 An atom is said to be oxiZEL

its oxidation number is increased or becomes more positive during reaction. The 正门啊 is reductant.

.

thus

3.2 An atom is said to be reduced if its oxidation number is decreased or becomes more negative during a reaction. The atom

shus an oxidant.

e.g

is

increase in 0.N.

(oxidation)

Ne

decrease in 0.N.

(reduction)

0

+26

3.3 A redox reaction

which

there

-1

15 ore

Guriag

the

more

钙 a change in oxidation number of one atoms.

decrease in U.N.

-1 +1-2

H*+(H)zC

{reduction}}

increase in 0.N

(oxidation)

Uxidants

Acidified potassium

permanganato (KMnO4 )

Alkaline potassium

permanganate Acidified potassium dichromate(Kycr20)

Oxygen

Halogens (a.g. Cl2)

lbot conc. sulphuric

acio

lot corc, nitric

acid Acidified hydrogen

peroxide

01 nitric acid

Usual Changes in Terms Of Electron Transfer

MnOg* + 3H+ + 5e~

MMDA

+

2H20+ 3e

2-

* 14H + 5e

+20

> 02-

tilą + — 201′′

2H2504

+ 2e→ 500

+

4HNO3

ZNO

+

H202 +2* + 2e*

BHNO3 + 60* →→→→

420

40:1

the reductant. * is the

is the cxidant. Sn2+(aq)

the reluctant.

(d) Cuts). is the reductant. Ag(aq) is

the oxidant.

Solution to

4.2

(a) 0.

3+

7420

532 + 2H20

2ky0¥ 2NDg

→21120 6N03 + 4020

-1 (as it is a metallic

hydride)

+ (-1) x 2 -0

0 = −2

2

AT + (-2) x 3 = 0

of A) = +3

Off = -1

O.N. of I - (-1) x 5 = 0

.*. O.N. of I = +5

(d) 0.N. of Na = +1

-PUBLIC LIBE

heated metal

Hydrogen suluhide

Moist sulphur cioxide (SO) or sulphites (302)

Neutral or alkaline hydrogen peroxide

Most metals (alone

or in dilute acids, e.g. Na, Mg, etc.)

metal oxide

HS

S 2e

20H 50

24+ - $0 32

+ 2H 2c

2-

H20

▸ 20H

> 2H2O + O2 + 2e-

NA-+

C4

* C0 + 2e"

Carbon with heated

€ +

202

Carbon monoxide (CO) with heated metal oxide

00 +

-2+1

Lecide ion (17) in dilute acid

Hence, H is oxidized while H-ator.

in

water reaction.

Question 4.3

reduced in the above

Stale whether the elements underlined are oxidized, reduced or neither, in the following reactions.

(a) 2Ag+l>→2AgCT

(b) 4NH2+50AND+GH2O

(¢) SO2+OH---→ HSCg'

{d) Zn{{H},+2NaOH →→ Na2Zn(OH) (a) IOg+5T+6H*12+3H20

4. Relative Strengths of Oxidants and

Reductants

4.1 According to the Flectronic Theory of redox reactions, a reductant is an electron donor and an oxidant is an electron acceptor. The more readily a chemical species donates electrons, Lhe stronger a reductant it will be. Similarly the readily a chemical species accepts electrons, the stronger an oxidant it will be. However, since doneting

pore

6.

Iron(II) ion in acid medium

Tin(IE) ion in acid

medium

+ e"

---354+

+ 2e

Balancing Simple Redox Reactions Balancing redox reactions is rather complicated. However, simple redox reactions can be balanced quite readily by using the fact that the total number of electrons transferred in each of the half- reaction equations uf 过 redox

reaction

reaction

the oxidation and the reduction reaction) must be the same.

e.g.

{i} Balance

Fe(s)+Cu2+(aq)->Fe2+(aq)+Cu(s)

Step 1 krite

Cu2+

down the reaction equations.

- ze.......(1) FesFe2+

Ze Cu......(2) Step 2 Since the number of electrons is the same in the equations (1) and (2), so, simply adding

half-

up the two to eliminate the electrons, we at once have the equation balanced.

Fe + `Cu2+ → Fe2+ + Cu

(ii) Balance

Al (5) + án2+(aq) --->A13* (aq)+Sn{s}.

Step 1

Write

doพา the two hal reaction equations.

3+

Al-A

+ 3e.......(3)

Sn2+ + 2e→→→→Sn.......(4)

Step 2

In order to make the number L electrons the

in same

the equations (3) and (4), we have to multiply ecuation (3) by 2 and equation (4) by 3.

(3) × 2:241-21 3+

...[5)

2+

(4)x 3:39n2 +6e3Sn...(6)

.'. G.N. of 0+ (+) x 2 = 0

.. 0.N. of @=

(e) D.N. of 0 - -2

.'. O.N. of Mn+ (-2) x 4 = -1

.*. O.N. of En = −1 + 8 - +7

(f) D.N. of K +1 and 0.N. of 0 = -2

.'. (+1) x,2 + 0.N. of C + (-2) × 3 = 0

.. O.N. of C = +6 - 2 =

Solution to Q.4.3

0

-1

(a) 2(Ag)+(CI)2— →2{Ag)(cl)

.. C1 is reduced as its D.N. has

decreased from 0 to -1.

..3

+2

(b) 4(N)(H)g+50g →4{N}{0}+6!IQO

.. N is oxidized as its 0.N. has

increased from -3 to +2.

+4-2-2+1

+1 +4 -2

(c) St01ą+£DHJ^-→ [H s (0)』]

.. S15 neither oxidized nor reduced.

This is not a redox reaction as of the atoms has its 0.N. none changed.

-2-2 +1 +1 −2+1

+1

+2-2+1

{d} Zn(OH)2+2(Ma}{OH)→→ (Na)¿Zr(CH) 4

.. Zn is reither reduced nor oxidized.

This is not a redox reaction as. none of the atoms has its 0.N. charged.

+5

0

(e) [0g~+55~+6H+→

12+3120

.. in 10 is reduced as its 0.4.

has decreased from +5 to 0.

Solution to Q.4.4

Fe2+(aq) → Fe3*(aq)

C12(aq)

(2)

+ Ze----→ 2C1(aq) (2)x1: 2Fe2+(aq) →2Fc3 (aq) + 2e ̄....(3) {3)+(4): 2Fe2*(aq)+C)¿{aq}

----> 2Fe3+(aq)=201*(aq)

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