1984-12-23 — Page 11

報日僑華

日期星

日三十月二十年四八九一曆公年三十七國民華中

噴

colonized many parts

of the world..

3. The increase of great-

power rivalry and

challenge to British

1985

中學會考試題預習專欄:

歷史

(十四)

were jealous of

power Russia,

France and Germany'

REDB#A Britain's domination

HISTORY (14).

VIOLA WONG YUK YUE

MILL & PALE PRESS LTD.

In this issue we shall Learn how in the late 19th century, foreiga powers competed with one another to obtain imperialist benefits from China.

Note these points: (a)use the terms "foreign powers" rather than "western powers" here Because Japan was one of the imperialists (but not pover).

(b)to hiserp

the

times are known na an age of inperialism (c)the imperialist

benefits consisted of colonies and other, things which you shull learn about.

THE SCRAMBLE FOR CONCESSIONS, 1896-99 Meaning In 1896-99, Many foreign powers obtained or serambled different kinds of⠀ imperialist benefits from China These benefits were called. concessÏODS. In the end, China Wee nearly partitioned by these foreign powers (though she was not). This was known as, the Scramble for Concessione jin už story - H

1842 – 1894-.

1. Chẩna was forced to,

sign unequal treaties by foreign powers and gave different treaty terms to them. For example, treaty ports were opened, and

tariff was fixed at slow rate. Foreign settlements started in some treaty ports, e.g. Shanghai, Canton. Foreigners enjoyed self-rule in these settlements in

practice.UNUTAR

3. Because of the most-

favoured-nation clause, any privilege. that China granted to a foreign country would be shared by all other foreign. countries

automatically.

(a)China was independent and maintained lav and order

(b)Then foreign powers

could de trade peacefully, They did not need to take up administrative responsibilities.

5. Britain monopolized 4/5 of all China trade.

B. Causes of the Scramb

for: Concessions The first Sino- Japanese War (1894-95) upsetting the balance of power- EN (a)In the Treaty of

Shinonoscki (1895) Japan obtained & large indemnity and extensive territories from China (including Taiwan).

D

This made the Western powers worried that: their own interests. were threatened. They obtained similar gains from China to balance the Japanese gains. (b)The quick defeat ot

China by Japan in the war made the Westero powers believe that China could not uphold law and order herself. The Western powers started to cut! up China into parta within which they enjoyed exclusive interests (ie... intereste not shared by other powers), The growth of Europe an imperialism In the late 19th century, the European powers

of the China trade aud'

wanted to challenge Britain.

Conclusion

The Sernable for Concessions started because ots

b.

the fear among the European powers of losing benefits te Japan

an unwillingness to fall behind in the scramble for gains c. the response and

reaction of one

power to the benefit made by another power

C. Types of imperialist

benefits

1. Economic and

territorial benefits

(a)railway and mining

rights.·· (b)loans for China in

exchange for atber. economic concessions (c)leased areas, with

reduced land tariffe, rights of police power, etc.

2. Spheres of Influence

When the above rights had been obtained by a power in ́à certain area of China, o sphere of influence was created. That power enjoyed exclusive interests there.

Non-alienation agreements -China promised not to cede

or transfer a sphere Qe6f Anfluenes to

D.

བ

courge of the Scramble, for Concessions (Look at the map when reading the following part.) mga

The Triple Intervention

In

1895, Russia, Germany. and Prance joined to force Japan to return to China the Liaotung Peninsula (in South Manchuria). Japan obtained the peninsula from China earlier in the Treaty

of Shimonoseki.

2. Russia and France

making use of China's weakness

(a)Both countries

demanded rewards from China for the Triple Intervention:

France demanded interests in Southwest China.

*íí. France and' Russia.

gave China a loan In 1896. Ma fli.Russia asked for:

the extension, of the Trans-Siberian: Railway through Manchurie in 1896,

3. Rivalry between France

and Britain in Southwest China, German occupation of Kiaochow and Russia's reaction, 1897-98 (a)In 1897 Germany leared

Kisochow of Shantung from Chins.

(b)To balance the German

gain, Russia touk

Port Authur and Dairen on the Liaotung Peninsulab

5. British and Japanese

gains

(a)To balance the Russian

gain, Britain leased Weihaiwoi in Shantung as a baval port.. (b)Also, Britain made

China agree to make the, rich Yangtze, valley as a British sphere of influence, (c)Japan made fukien e

6. French occupation of Kwangehow Boy and Britain's reacțion, 1898 Franče obtained the bay from China is 1898. This led Britain obtaining the lease of the New Territories (north of Kowloon) from China in the same year so as to counter the French gang Chins refusing to grant further concessions in 1399

sphere of interest.

In 1899 Italy asked China for a concession but China refused" it flatly.

KEY

British

Russian

$282,770 (29

French

'sapanese Port Arth

・Ye!' mil) River?

Yangtze River

"Kwangchow Boy"

'E. The Open Door Policy..

1900-01

From 1896 to 1899, Britain approached the USA for cooperation in advocating an Open Door policy. According to the proposal, every foreign country would share equal commercial opportunity in China. (a) In 1899 the USAA

circulated the open- door note to Britain, France, Germany, Russia Italy and Japan.

(b)A second open-door

note was circulated in the same way in 1900 (during the Boxer Uprising of 1900-01.). It was accepted by the foreign powers and was. included in the Boxer Protocol of 1901, (The Protocol concluded the" Boxer Uprising.)

F. Reasons for China 's

not being partitioned- 1. Lack of agreement,

abrotgeneigrést, pavers on partitioning China When the powers dan challenged one another.. and reacted to one another's goips, e kind of balance was- reached. In effect, the powers were watching each other a gains and advances. Their self-interests. were divided, and they could not agree on D plan to partition China. MOS 2. Unwillingness to take

up administrative: responsibilities The foreign powers wanted economic benefits from China. They did not want to “administer China directly as a colony. China was too

iz arge in size.

3. Changing international

attention and the growth of European liberalism' – Toter- national tension. elsewhere (for

example, in-Europe and Africa) shifted the

attention of the great

powers, from China. At the same time,

European liberaliss vien-

Was growing, which reaulted in a more! liberal attitude towards Chinas...... China a success in balancing one- Gimperialist pover

against another For example, when Russiù proposed a loan to China 1895, the Chang government counter- - “balanced it by opening

negotiations, with Britain and Germany for a similar loa

Town. In 1898, China welcomed the lease. of. Weihaiwei to Britain as a way to counter-balance Russia Russia's lease of Port Arthur and Defren, 5. The Boxer Uprising It showed that the Chinese were prepared to resist and attack. foreigners. Therefore the foreign powera, were more reluctant to partition Chinë. Britain's role Britain did not want to see China partitioned into spheree of influence, The dominating

position of Britain helped to make the international situation stabl

無機上道

7. The Open-Door Policy

(as described),

G. Effects of the

Scramble for

Concessions

1. Stimulating the

Hundred Day Reform of 1898 At a time of intensified foreign. imperialism, a group. of young scholars (Kang Yu-wel Liang Chi-ch'ao

P etc.) attempted a reform movement in Peking fa-1898. They vere. supported by the Emperor.

2. Contributing to the

Horer Uprising of 1900-01- In Chine Be society, the Scramble for Concessions increased anti-foreign feelings and activities among Chinese people, for example, the German seizure of Kiaochow io 1897 created great fear and hatred, among the local shangtungese people. Some of these people organized themselves and called themselves Boxers (***). In 1900 they entered Peking and killed many foreignera. This woS the Boxer Uprising. 3. Strengthening Chinese

nationalism — In the face of füreïga aggression, many Chinese people became more nationalist.

Nationalism became more anti-imperialist in nature...

4. Indirectly leading to

the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05 and of the First World War ofNVI |_ af 12) (4418, — (4) ►

(a)after the Triple

Intervention, Japan resented Russia. Then Russia established influence in Manchuria (i.ee Port Arthur and Dairen): in 1898, but Japan wanted, Manchuria too, 411 this helped to cause the Busen- Japanese Ver.go (b)Great-power rivalry during the Scramble for Concessions

increased

international tension, therefore indirectly contributing to the outbreak of the First World War.

In the next isque, you will be shown how a queation, on the Scramble for Concessions can be. answered in practice. So keep this issue and revised it before you reed the next laque,

附加數

(十四)

unity

Now,

360n

-cis72° where: n=0, when no

Argand Diagram of cube roots of -81 (e) The fourth roots

-2-2√3i

Let z'--2-2√31 -16cia(360n",240"). -(2ac18(360n®+240°) =2c18(90 +60°)

when n=0, 1, 2, 3 when n=0,

Zo-2ci#60°

-1+√31 when u 1,

*2=2ci8:150°

when n×2,

when:n-3, #z=2ci8330°

-3-1

where Zg

A

—i—cos270"+isia270°

Fi={co9270 +ïsi

cos135+isin135°

辻(

= (-1-1) (Ano.)

sisin

000x31010*3

1-0

sin21

(ana.)

-1+(002inin2)+

+oiein()

1.200

and

(Ans.)

(b)

Z

are the required

roots.

(1) (a+b)(a+buf)

=a2 +(-1)ab+b2 (1)

_ab+b2

(Ans)

the fourth roota

4+EW+c=1=0)-03

Argand, Diagram sho

-2-2√31002

and b-c-0➡ b=c

2

(a) 2z+312+4Ű

明德出版社街高方提供資料

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

KELS W

S.F. KO

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD. Solution to Exercise

1,2

(a) Given:z=003

Baine

3

Baz(2+2)

On substituting,

(by De

have

ose) =(cose+laine)”

.(2isine)

+(¢080-ísinë

+3(1)(20080)

838+isin30+ 36-18in30+

−(cose+isine)-

(cope-ising)

3(1)(2ising)

acos30+isto38-

cos30-isin30-

6gine

21in30-618ing

\n39-3sine-4ain e:

The fifth roots of

By means of the formulas

when n-1,

*j*cie72°

-0.30940-9511 her n=2,

940,5881

when n=3,

Zy-cis216.

-0.809-0.5881

when n=4

-C1s288 -0.309+0.951i

where

and

are the five

of

Argand Diagram of

fifth roots of unity.

(b) The cube roots of Bi

z-Bi

-8(-1),

-8cia(360n +270°)

.- (23cis(360n +270°)]3

-2cis(120n +90°)

where

when no

n-1,

c16210

-1,732-i

when 2,

18330 -1.732-1 where 20

are the roots.

require?

32 -b-bac 26%

for solving the quadratic equation; ax+bxico we bave

-31±√(31) * -4(2)(4)

-31-9-32

JIS AT

(b) iz"-Zz-i

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明德出版社

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may have the time and

research facilities to

improve his products.

B. Disadvantages --

Even though the main purpose of monopoly is to obtain economies of large- scale production, it will be dangerous if... · the monopolist nisuges his monopoly power by exploiting the consumers. It is true that prices are often Higher and output Jower than they would be under perfect competition.

Another

of

disadvantage of monopoly is that consumers lose somė, their freedom of choice, and the Assortment of goods produced is not that desired by them. By limiting output, the monopolist prevents resources going into the production of his commodity, and so resources are put into other forms of production which consumers consider ta be less desirable.

When a number or firme are competingg. against one another in supplying the market.... with a particular, product, each, firm has a strong desire to make itself more efficient. However, under monopoly this incentive, is less and there may be reluct- ance to abandon the older methods when new inventions are costly. 0.2. Describe the

functions"of

wholesalers in the Flove of chodi 25504 Producer TOGG consumers

Functions of wholesalers: (a)Providing expert

knowledge in buying

and selling - The

employment of special-

lísta is essential y

±5%*#*# of the commodities

when expert knowledge

陳勵德

K.K. WONG & LIT. CHAN

Q1. Discuss the

advantages and disadvantages of monopoly. N Advantages

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

In some cauage production or distri... bution can be executeď more efficiently through monopoly. Excessive competition, which is often waste-

ful to the economy, can, be avoided. By retionalising an industry, it makes possible the elimina- tion of excess capacity by closing down production, centres where costs are high, and concen- trating on production in those areas where costs are lower. Hence instead of all factor- ies working below: capacity, a smaller number will then be able to work at full capacity. This increases production efficiency and mini mizes vastage of

resources.

Under monopoly it becomes possible to reduce the number of varieties of products; whereas under competi tive conditions each firm tries its best to offer as many models as possible Standerd- ization of products enables a lower coat of production and, economies of scale can be achieved. There are certain industries such as public utilities which cannot afford wasteful competition or duplic- ation. Monopoly is the best alternative in such industries, v

It is often easier. for the government to exercise more control. over the industry when there is only one producer. Sometimes, a monopolist engaged in large-scale production

bought and sold is

required. A whole- saler can often serve this purpose.zo (b)Marketing the product

- Wholesalers can often help the producers by provid ing them with inform ation regarding consumers' demand which be obtained from the retailers with whom he keeps in touch,

(c)Financing production

and distribution - Generally speaking manufacturers wish to be paid for their u products as early as possible, while many retailers do not have enough capital to carry stocks of unsold goods. 4 wholesaler often helps to finance both of the parties by prompt payment to the manufacturers and by allowing credit to the retailers, (d)Preparing the product

for sale - After receiving the goods from the manufacturer the wholesaler often? processes or prepares the goods for sale before passing them on to the retailer. This, may involve packing, grading or branding. (e)Warehousing - A

Wholesaler can relieve the manufacturer of . the trouble and expenses of holding large stooka by utilizing his ware- honaing facilities. Also, by supplying regular amongt of products into the market, the wholesaler helps to prevent prices from fluctuating unduly. (f)Wholesalers serve as a bridge between the manufacturer and the Stailer. The

manufacturer generally does not wish to take up the distribution of his products and so had prefers to-- dispose..