1984-12-17 — Page 32

introduced..."

頁四第張八第

日五廿月十閏年子甲曆夏

1985

中學會考試題預習專欄

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史

(十三)

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HISTORY (13)

VIOLA WONG YUK-YIE

MILL & DALE PRESS ITD.

In this and the

we

following issues, shall learn how, to organize and write an essay in practice in an examination. This is important. Many a

student just concentrates on studying the different Lopics of history and neglects the importance of training in writing history essays on these topics. The problem is that even if one is very familiar with a topics one may still be at loss when writing, an essay in en examination,

Q

Narrative and argument

There is much difference between writing a plain or simple

account of something' (such as a report in a newspaper) and analysing some thing (such as arguments in debute). Because in examinations you are required to write an essay, not,ɔ report, you have to use en argumentative tone, In recent years, the questions that you would' come acrosH often consist of two parts: one more. descriptive, the other more argumentative, in nature. You learnt about the Meiji Modernization (1868-1912) in the last issue. Revise it, and then read the following passage, which tries to explain the reasons for: the success of the Meiji Hodernization (the numbers are just for your reference later):

"1. Japan was not feudal country by the 1870. 2. The different reform programs were carried out. 3. The Japanese people were loyal to the Emperor, but the Emperor was advised. by some Meiji leaders known as the genre.

4. The reforms were very useful indeed. 5. That is why Japan was able to defeat China in 1893 and Russie in 1904. 6. The wars had very far

reaching consequences for the East Asisn international conditions, 7. The Japanese people had been very much influenced by the tradition. China was the opposite. 8. She was carrupt and bad. 9. On the other hand, Japan liked Westernization very muck 10 Even in the Tokugawa period, "Dutch learning" was popular. 11. Through Nagasaki, Western knowledge imported Dutch traders into Japan. 12, The... people and the government enjoyed good unification. 13. The Fundamental Law on Education of 1872

established national

control over education,

and universul and

compulsory education was

1985

中學會考試題預習專欄

This passage had many weaknesses, as follows; A.- Indirect discussion

The first three sentences (1-3) pre plạiu statements in which the writer failed to point out exactly how they contribute to the success of moderniza- tion

R. Vagueness -

WAH KIU. YAT PO

The 4th sentence is very vague; it leaves the marker wondering what it actually

means.

Unimportant materials“

That Japan

succeeded in defeating China and Russia (in the 5th sentence) is an example to show the Meiji success ini modernization, net a reason for the

success. One can mention this, but one. must not treat it as a major "point,

D. Irrelevancy

The 6th sentence in irrelevant, -The-writer included the point perhaps because it happened to come across his mind. In other words, he was not in firm control of the writing of the essay.

Carelessness

In the 7th sentence, the writer wanted to say "the Japanese people had very much been influenced by the

the

tradition of culture. borrowing Owing to carelessness, he left out the last three word's and mude whole sentence incom prehensible. The same happens to the 5th sentence. Japan defeated China in 1894-95, mot 1893, And in the 11th sentence; the writer wanted to say "Dutch traders. Imported western knowledge into Japan" but reversed the object and subject...

Inappropriate wording-

In the 12th

the writer sentence. wanted to say "In general, Japan

enjo good social and political unity. That- is why her moderniza— tion vas successful". However, he failed to explain how, and he miatook unification" for "unity". The marker is left wondering whether or not the sentence refera to Japan's abolition of feudalism and national unifica- tion, which is a repetition of the 1st sentence.

Plain description

The 13th sentence looks more like a description of the

Meiji education then.

an analysis of the

factors for the

success of the Meiji Modernization.

H. Overall clusiveness

In organization; the passage is elusive. Sentences seem aeparate m statements without a systematic and logical

Answer:

The photograph shows a temporary lagoon at Top shek Kok in thì Cl

Peak Area. It is a sheet

(+) of salt water separated

地理

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Questions for revision:

25. What characteristic

coastal feature is

shown by the photo-

graph below? Explain its formation

from the open sea, by

sand banks, p

The lagoon is formed

by the landward extension

of a spit: when the vaves attack the bay at an "oblique angle. The swash

and backwash will cause material to be moved along the coast. This movement is called longshore drift. A ́sudden change in the direction of the coastline, dous not "affect ita course and the

material being carried will then be deposited in slack water to form a

spit (Fig. 1A). The outer end of the spit may curve landward because of wave irefraction, and eventually

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line of analysis. The writer was unable to arrange the different factors for the Meiji a logical. success

He wight be manner.

in

even uncertain as to what, exactly those

factors were. Consequently, he wrote as bits and pieces of idens and facts (some relevant, others not

quite) came up in bis mind.

Now consider this passage, which also explains why the Meiji Modernization wes successful:

Japon had been used to borrowing from other cultures even before 1868. The popularity of "Dutch learning", which was Western knowledge imported into Japan in the Tokugawa period, was an illustration. Such a tradition facilitated the acceptance of moderniza- tion in Meiji, times.

報日僑華

In ather, respects, tob, the conditions of Japan before 1868 already

for the laid the basis post-1868 success in aspects like military modernization, industrial expansion and educational development. The Meiji Restoration in 1868. provided a new, enegetic and progressive leader- ship responsible for the whole-hearted decision to modernize the country from above, Unlike China' which was burdened by`s declining dynasty, Meiji Japún enjoyed favourable preconditions for

successful modernization as early as 1870. When feudalism was abolished and a centralised structure of government emerged in 1871, Japan: was ready to get rid of her backwardness..

The modernization programmes themselves were comprehensive and vere, carried out at the same time. The central government, of course, made the decision to do so and adopted flexible and practical policies. Basically, however, it wes strong social and political unity in. society and government, together with the people's enthusiasm for modernization that-- explained the Meiji Áuccess #ક a whole." Notice the following: 1. The points in this

passage are arranged in a chronological order: the pre-1868 factors, the importance of 1868, and the post-1865 factors.

2. Efforts have been made

to point out more

explicitly and clearly

how the Tactors

contributed to the

Meiji success in

modernization,

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王啓光

陳勵德

ECONOMICS (13)

K.K. WONG & L.T. CHAN

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

MARKETS

"Join the coast. The

narrow stretch of water that it encloses ÍA known as ̈e lagoon (Fig.13).

spit qurums

Sea

∙Land

spit extends

lampwards

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waves

1. Perfect Competition

Perfect competition exista ID H theoretic-

al environment is which the following conditions are fulfilled:

(a)large number of

buyers and sellers

With a large number of buyers and sellers the total transaction will be very greati. This means that each of them cannot exert his personal influencé on the market price of the product by increasing or decreasing its output. Thus in perfect competition firms must take the price at which they are to sell as fixed and the desiand for the product of an individual firm is perfectly elastic. (b) homogeneous product

Under a perfectly competitive market situation, the product of any one seller must. be identical with the product of any other seller. This means that buyers have no motive for preferring the product of one. fira to auther and if a firm raised its price, its sales would fall to zero,

(c) free mobility of

resources -

This implies that each required factor of production must be perfectly mobile. (d)perfect knowledge of

the market -

All buyers and sellers must possÉ BA full information af the commodity if the market is to be at perfectly competitiv

.one.

(e)free entry by new

firms

There should not be any restriction for.. the entry "of new firms into the market.

II.Imperfect competition

In real life situation, the conditions of perfect competition cannot always be met. Whenever one or more

of the above require- ments are not satia fied, the market is described as an imperfect one. Imperfect competition can be classified into three types according to its degree of imperfection. They

are: monopolistic

competition, oligopoly and monopoly. (a)monopolístic

competition

This has three fundamental characteristics; (1)there is a suffi-

ciently large number of sellers so that each can agt independently of

the other firms,

(2)products from various

sellers are.

differentiated;

(3)market entry of new firms is relatively easy.

In monopolistic competition,

'individual sellers can

have influence over the market price; This 26. What coastal features are shown by the photograph below Explain its formation with the aids of diagram.

Answer:

The features shown on the photograph are

vertical cliff and stack:

This photograph is

taken from Orkney,

made of well-bedded

England. The region is

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日七十月二十年四八九一曆公年三十七國民華中

is because when there is a large number of their products ur services, the product of one firm is not regarded as a perfect subalitute of another.

An example of monopolistic competition is to be found in the retail trade. The ease of entry in this business results in excess capacity and differentiation may take the form of difference in location, (for instance, one shop being more. conveniently situated for some people), the general attitude of the shop-keeper, and the extent of the service available.

Actually, there are, various sources of differentiation such as actual physical difference, location, service consideration, reliability, personal attitude, etc. In addition, price may affect the choice of products since many buyers prefer tho se sellers who offer a lower price, Since differentiation of product is essentially. created by branding. and packaging. marketing activities play a major role in: monopolistic. competition in attracting customers

to patronize, » particular brand, (b)oligopoly

This is a form of imperfect competition in which there are: only a few producers as compared to perfect competition where there is a large number of producers. A general feature of oligopoly is that the price policy of a firm is influenced by that of ita competitors. This con be subdivided into perfect and imperfect oligopoly. (1)perfect oligopoly

In perfect oligopoly, the commodity is homo- geneous and consumers have no perference for the product. of one firm as compared with andther. A price cut by one firm will lead to similar price cuts by other producers. Hence, the largest firm will usually become the price leader,

(2)imperfect oligopoly. - In this; situation, some degree of differentiation exists between the products of different firms. Even slight differentiation in the product will make one product not a perfect substitute for

another. Under these conditions,

competition tends to be very keen and many firma may employ mas8 advertising or price- cutting strategies.

(с)попероту

In the strictest meaning of the term, monopoly occurs only. when there is one sandstone, with vertical faulte (Fig. 1A), As/G result of marine erosion, vertical cliffs and stack ere formed,

Being a headland, it is attacked by waves armed with rock from all directional Wave erosion concentrates along the vertical faults, which it is the wenkest zones of the región, caves are formed on both sides (Fig 18). When two sea- Caves on opposite sides of the headland unite, a natural arch is formed (Fig. 1C). With prolonged. vave erosi on, accompanied by other forms of erosion on the upper parts, the W roof of the arch finally collapsea. The end of the headland is then isolated and fretted into a rocky. pinnaela which is usually

producer of

A

commodity for which

there is no

substitutė,

situation often referred to as absolute monopoly.

This is quite rare in real life, to bave only a single producer of a product an even, rører. to have no substitute for the product, at all. Thug the term monopoly is often used to describe forms of very imperfect

competition as in the following situations: (1)when one fire or a

group of firm working together control large proportion of the total supply of a commodity. For

instance, most of the world's supply of rubber comes from Магнув.

(2)when it is wasteful to

duplicate a given service as in the case of public utilities. (3)patent rights a

patent is grant to the inventor of a new machine or idea,

giving him a monopoly of its use for s certain period. (4)others - a producer's

monopoly in the home market may be

protected from foreign

competition be means

of a tariff on

imports, thus giving

rise to a monopoly

aituation.

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ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

(13)

S.F. KO

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

Complex number (II)

•Worked examples:

(a) Given that Z-14/51.,. find the polar form of 2.

(b) In the Argand

diagram, ABCD is a

square with the centre at the origin; A is represented by the complex number 1+1, find the. complex numbers of the points B, C and

e-tan √3)-60° 2-1+7/31

•2(cas60"+sind

2c1860

(b), A(1,73)

OA=2cis60° (from (a)) OB-2cis(60°-90°)

Z408-90°) =2cis(150)

~2(~3+1 1) −√3 + 1

UC=2cis(60°+180")

=2ci8240

termed a stack (Fig. 1D)

FORMATION OF THE STACK

Faults.

SEA

PLAN VIES

vertical

IWAVES

育教僑華

= 2 ( — — — — 3 ) − 1 − √5 1

M=2cis(60°+270°)

-2cis(330°)

:( - 1 1 ) ~ 3 - 1

2(

the complex numbers of B, C and D sre respectively_-B+i, -1-31 and -i (ans. 2. If a case+ísine and

7-cuse-isinf find(1) 2*2 (ii) Z-Z

247

(ii) zz,

and by using (z+2)2,

prove that -co926-2009 0-1 and

cos20-1-2sino respectively.

Solution:

(i) z+7-2coaQ (11) (iii)

z-3=2ising |

z7-(coserisino)

(cose-isïDH) =cose-(isine)

- 2

Now, (2-2) z +2zz-

On substitution, we have

(200802):

={cose+isine)2+2(1) +

2.

(cose-isine)" =(cos24eisin24)+2+(cos2

isin24) by: De Mrivre's

theorem

Acus 0-2cos24+2

22.

.c082Q=2¢bs 8-1

On substitution, we have,

(2isine)2

~(coue+18/19)2=2(1)+

(cose-isine)“

-4gine=cos20+isin20-2

+co820-isiņ20 -200@24-2

00820-1-28ine

Exercise 7

If z*cos0+isinė, Z=cose-isine, write down, by expansion, the expressions

(8) (2+2)2

(b) (2-7)

In terms of 2 and 2. Hence, prove that

co830-4co's e-3cose and

sin30-3sine4sin?e

In each of the follow- ing cases, find the indicated roots and represent them in an Argand Diagram. (a) the fifth roots

of unity

(b) the cube roots of DBi,

(c) the fourth roots Mat -2-2/51.

Find the roots of the following equations and express them in the form a+ib.

(a) 22312-4=0, (b) iz2-22+1-1-0-

(a) If Wecos risin

prove-1: and

(b) Using the results of

(a), prove that, when a, b and c are real,

(i) (a+bw)(n+bu?)

2

2

-a-ab-b′′ and

(ii)a=b=c, if

Arch

stack

WAVES

This part has

been aroded away

WAVES

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