1984-11-03 — Page 7

六期星

報日僑華

日三月一十年四八九一瑟公年三十七國民華中

要需展進代時合配

變改有會制政來未

稱禮職就會軍棄區塘龍九在剑志林

表發底年於將書皮白制政議代露透:

1

白皮書會在本年底前發 志劉昨晚說,代表政制 剳港九政務署長林

對-贷香港未來的政触

, 其下一個穩定的基礎

的階段。」 稱難同以往登記的選民,全 }祗現已有近一百五十萬

禮底 民登記的結果,他說速 談及最近區議會選

,現已犘入草擬白皮書 將 個月被某民意的工作後 制改革的建議,經過 ∫綠皮書,詳載各項政 皮 制在香港的進一步發展 二,政府推出了「代政 他說:「本年七月

文 港政制將会有所改變。 那時代的進展和需要 - 本 就職禮上說;「爲配合 金第八屆會務委員會 林氏在九龍墡◎产

的三個制上制

表 登記選民。

六「任」的精神。」 林氏說:「正符合筐诳言「對本土 民的要務,為香港的繁榮與安定,作出貢獻。 及在明年三月的區議會選簒日投票,一公 他呼攡區登記爲浓民的草軍考慮參與號選,

中大電子系講座教授

林逸華博士十月起任

·香港中文大學宣佈,爲電子及邀械工程學

•HMULLARD

一九七一年林教授

WAH KIU YAT PO

頁三第張二第日:

十月十年子甲歷変

商僑華

·林教投爲英國花博

於新資料,對新憲法加之參考書。 - 與會者多能採擷當時的分資料,該鸟不可多得 草案公佈後二個月,故來,而本杏則提供大部 時笛一九八三年憲法 各界均應極進行探 中國憲法問題研討會」事學術硏究,法律及工 一九八二年六月舉行「 及獨立審判等,無論從 代亞洲研究中心」,於與人身自由,立法被利 香港中文大學」觀念,公民基本椹利 中文大學出版社出版。擬,了解中國大陸之法 和國憲法論文集」已由據「八二讓法」之規定車| 「‘按主籍之「中華人民共;重要基本法亦將 治及行政學系罗松燃敎 途問風之中英協初 由香港中文大學政 刻的编述。瑰富香港前

論文集出版中大有

中華人民共和國憲法

以开雅,會後並將有

本班共三百二十

大意義。本杏所載籍文三五二五人。 第一學術單位參考。對探角,各大書局均有代 肘民主法治而言,冇重。查詢電話:●...

關紀錄文稱寄達國內若,定價港幣三十四元五

出,並於「八二囊」

- KASHKETS

三松同年十一月成式由人一保護城

-究之环題均有客觀而深

,皆各有見地,對其研

.專家及在香港的政裤家

一葉佈,國內來港的法很

| 中文大學及大學的教授

有時代意接。

論文作者包括香港.

修改始行付印,故更

大通過後,再加以補-

市清潔

拋切:

拉勿

馺亂潔

Since different partners

may have different skills or experiences, each can

contribute to the firm

in various ways. Also

there is flexibility and

1985

中學會考試題預習專欄

經濟

(6)

明德出版社

王啓光 陳勵德

when partners are

*#*#

ECONOMICS (7)

K.KWONG & L.T. CHAN

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

BUSINESS · UNITS · AND OWNERSHIP

Definition of a firm

A firm is a business unit, formed for the purpose of carrying on some kind of economic activity. It is the basic unit of production. Most business firms are privately owned and motivated by profits. It should be noted that ownership is a determin- ing factor in a firm's: behavior.

Public and Private Enterprises

The basic unit of planning and control over production is the enterprise. The terms firm and enterprise actually belong to one. group. All modern economic societies have such control units, but there are wide differences in the ways they are organized.

Public enterprise is owned and managed by the state. In Hong Kong, the owner of such enterprise is the government. The Post Office, the Water Works, the airport, and

the British section of the Kowloon and Canton Railway are public enterprises.

Private enterprise is owned and managed by the private individuals, In our community, which follows the laisezfaire (free enterprise) principle, most of the commerical and industrial concerns are privately owned.

The Sole Proprietorship

This is the oldest and simplest type of firm that has the characteristic of "one- man" business. All the firm's decisions are centered in his, all profits from the firm 19 his, and he is personally liable for all the firm's debts. There is no legal distinction between the personality and possessions of the owner and those of the firm. In fact the owner is the firm and is personally responsible for everything the firm does. The Partnership

is

A partnership composed of several (more than one) owners who pool their resources together to form the firm. The partners agree among themselves about how much capital each is to contribute, what role each will play in the management, and how much each will share in the profita. A partnership has more capital and resources and thus has greater possibility of staying in the business.

them. Co-operation among farmers is a good example of the producers' co-operatives.

Co-operative societies

in Hong Kong have to

adaptability for the firm | register with the

directly involved in

supervision and thus the motivation to work is therefore, strong,

The limited Company (Joint-stock Company)

This is a legal form of enterprise (organiza- tion) designed to take advantage of large-scale production methods by pooling the wealth of many people into a single enterprise while at the same time maintaining centralized control over, and responsibility for,

operations.

The major characteris- tic of a limited, company is that the liabilities of shareholders are limited. This simply: means that the liability of the shareholder is limited to the fully paid. up value of the shares he holds, so that should the company find itself in difficulties. and unable to meet the demands of its creditors the shareholder can lose no more than the amount he has invested, the rest. of his property: being free from any claims by the the company's creditors.

In Hong Kong, limited company is set up under the Companies Ordinance. Bach limited company is a legal entity, i.e., it is treated as a legal. person and has the right to sue and to be sued, can own property in its name and makes contracts. The capital of the entity is divided into shares and the shareholders normally do not manage the firm, instead, a Board of Directors is elected and it holds responsibility to the shareholders, i.e., to report the state of business and publish the annual reports to the public.

There are two types of limited companies, the public limited company and the private limited company. The two are quite different as far. as legal commitment, organization, and capital raising are concerned.

The Co-operative Society

This is another form of business organization but is quite distinct in its structure and objectives. The major aim of such a society is to provide benefits which are common to all its members.

The most common type of co-operative society is the Consumers co- operative. The owners are sometimes also the customers and the profits are distributed among the members. The students co-operatives in many universities are examples of such. In Producers! co-operatives, the workers themselves own the business and elect some of their members to manage it, the profit then being divided among

Registrar of Co-operative Societies and is..

incorporated under the Co-operative Societies Ordinance. Presently there are over 400 registered co-operative societies and all are under the control of the Registrar (The Director of Agriculture and Fisheries). Examples of co-operative societies in Hong Kong are the rural societies (e.g. the Vegetable Marketing. Societies), fishermen's societies.

the

(e.g. the Federation of Fishermen's Credit. Societies and the Urban Societies (e.g. the Building Societies).

QUESTIONS

1. Distinguish between

public limited company and a private limited company.

The public and private limited companies are different in many aspects. A private limited company is usually small in

scale and its number of shareholders ranges from 2 to 50; a public limited company is usually large and there is no upper limit in the number.

of shareholders, but there must be at least seven. The shares of a private limited company are not quoted in the stock market and thus it can only raise capital from its shareholders in private. On the other hand, the shares of the public limited company can be quoted on the stock market and therefore it can raise a large amount of capital from the public through the stock exchange by issuing shares or by issuing debentures (bonds). In this way a large amount of capital can be accumulated from small savings of the

for the publ; Public

limited company.

As far as the

private limited

a

company is concerned,

shareholder cannot transfer his shares without the consent of the company nor can any invitation be made to the general public to subscribe for shares. Hence the company cannot be controlled through trading of shares. Also, the shares cannot be used for speculation. For the public limited companies, shares freely traded in the stock exchange and the company can be controlled by purchasing shares. Therefore, the shares can be manipulated for speculation.

are

It should be noted that the financial statement of a private

limated

company

is

not

open to the public and there is a close relationship between shareholders and

management for such a

company. The opposites

true for the public limited

are

company, i.e. the

financial statement

of the company is open to the public and the shareholders usually only invest without taking part in the management of the company.

2. What are

the advantages of public enterprise and private enterprise?

Advantages or public enterprise

·Public enterprises ara motivated by the consideration of the well-being and interest of the people not that of making profits. Therefore a state-owned

organization can offer to the public cheap uniform piece and regular services, products. Unlike private enterprise system, excessive competition can be avioded and the government can ensure that essential goods and socially necessary services are maintained. Public investment also can finance longterm and big projects such as the Dlover Cove Scheme which is too costly to private investors, Generally speaking,

a government-run

enterprise has better. access to various kinds of information and statistical data. and thus enables further development. Advantages of private enterprise, dann

The activities of private enterprises. are generally regulated by the law of demand and supply. Competition among private enterprises not only lead to new Product and technology development (innovation) and thus economic progess, but also allows a wider range of higher quality goods and services offered to the consumers. In addition, competition ensures price to be kept at a competitive level so that consumers can be benefitted more. The profit-making objective is a powerful incentive in making private enterpriser to work hard and display greater initiative in his work. This kind of drive usually leads to more efficient and effective management. Move rover, the free market ensures the optimal (best)

allocation of resources including. labour and thus the possibility of wastage of resources will then be limited. Hence in such a system, the interests of the

consumers

are

taken.

care of in that the production of various

goods and services is based on satisfying

consumers' needs.

歷史

(+)

明德出版社黃玉瑜 提供資料 HISTORY (7)

VIOLA WONG YUK-YUE

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD. WEIMAR GERMANY AND THE

RISE OF NAZISM. 1918-1933 1. Start of the Weimar

Republic, 1918–

The German Empire that Bismarck created ended

in this way: (1)

Revolts broke out against the Kaiser in 1918, and then the. Kaiser escaped to the Netherlands (2) A Republic was declared, and as

the first

meeting of the Republican Assembly was at Weimar (a small Germany town) due to disorder in Berlin, the new republic was called the Weimar. Republic.

2. Structure of the.

Weimar Republic

President Reichstag (elected (Parliament)

every 7

years)

controls

Armed Forces

appointa

supervis

Chancellor

3. Main political parties

of the Weimar Republic

Look at the following diagram. (1) and (2) were leftist parties. (1.e. more radical). (4) and (5) were rightist parties. more conservative). (1) Communist Party.

(2) Social Democratic

Party

(3) Catholic Centre

Party

(4) German Democratic

Party

(5) National Socialist

German Workers' Party (Nazi Party) The Catholic Centre Party drew support from all social classes. In the 1920s, it played an important part in politics. Governments were often formed by a coalition: (1.e. combination) of two or more parties (often from (2) to (4) in the diagram). During the Great Depression (1929-32), however, the extremist parties, i.e. (1) and (5) in the diagram, gained strength while the other parties were weakened.

4. Weaknesses of the

Weimar Republic-

(a)Shallow roots of

democracy The establishment of the Republic was not the result of a nation-vide desire for democratic rule, but of defeat by the Allies in the First World War. Not many German people truly believed in the value of democracy. (b)Continued influence

of conservative forces - These

forces included the

Junkers (Prussian

landowners), military men, conservative

industrialists and

judges. For example, many

judges were very

lenient to

rightists who tried

to overthrow the

Republic.

(c)Unstable politics

Because of a special kind of electoral system, there were many political parties in Germany at that time. When forming a government, a coalition of a few:: of these parties was necessary. This led to unstable governments. (i.e. rise and fall of cabinets very quickly).

(d)Presidential powers

The President was given special power to ?

rule the country in case of

emergency. When a president used such a kind of power (as in 1930 and later), the Republic could be easily turned into a dictator- ship. (e)Economic problems

The Republic had to pay reparations to the Allies, and this weakened it very much, (f)Association with

the humiliating Versailles Treaty The Weimar Republic signed the

Versailles Treaty, but to many patriotic Germans the Treaty was a national humilia- tion, Challenges to the Weimar Republic (a)Political

-

assassinations Over 350 political murders occurred: between 1918 and 1922. Government officials and party politician's were killed by rightist extremist people. (b)Attempted revolts

by rightists Wolfgang Kapp and

some army officers attempted a revolt (or coup) in 1920. Adolt Hitler and the Nazi Party: attempted another revolt in Munich in 1923. Both attempts failed, (c)Occupation of the

Ruhr by French and Belgian forces in 1923- Upon German inability to pay reparations to then, France and Belgium sent troops into the Ruhr of Germany, a heavy industrial area, This brought disastrous effects to the German economy. (d)Serious inflation

As a result of (c), the value of the mark (Germany currency) fell seriously, and this ruined the

livelihood of the middle class (who depended on a fixed income).