1984-09-22 — Page 22

日二廿月九年四八九一曆公年三十七國民華中 育教聞港

六期星

報日僑華

公【報名參加。」

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四大僻,西方土風,面方竺人舞,現代舞。 非無業者》,東方古典舞,東方民族舞,東方變 公開組:社團,二廠,中學,青年中心人 | BRUSH » ERA-E-ERZE-{})} [或兒意中心會員),東方古典舞,東方民 遊,銲;〔二)少年組:(六十二 小學生 比賽項目包括有:(一)幼童組:幼稚園

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本港新聞

頁二第張六第七廿月八年子甲歷夏

WAH KIU YAT PO

,敬譎各界人上一致支持!

九月十九:保高音源散。

·婦孺福利,全仗群謀

聚沙成塔,集腋成裘

1985

中學會考試題預習專欄

2.

歷史

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HISTORY (1)

VIOLA WONG YUK-YUE

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

The examination that

you are going to sit for consists of two papers: one with a hundred or so multiple-choice

questions, and the other with 8 questions (of which you have to choose 2 only to write 2 essays on). You have 13 hours for the multiple choice paper, and 13 hours for the other paper. That means for each of the two essay's, you have about 45 minutes. The two papers are covered by the following two most

popular sections of the syllabus:

Section A Bast Asia

1870 1952

Section B Europe

1870 1960

There is the last section on American history, but few students take it, and it won't be dealt with in this revision column.

Many, a student complains that history is difficult to study all the dates, names and facts to recite.. This is untrue. The truth is that only causes/effects/.. factors/ significance in other words, the links between the facts are important. This means history is basically only

a form of story-telling, We want to know, when listening to a story, what will hæpper next, and why, and row. This is what we look for in history. Just as when. listening to a story we won't recite the names of the figure's in it and particulars about them in the study of history we won't pay special attention to the mass. facts other than when some facts occur again and again. The important facts those that occur again and again, names like Bismarck, Sun Yat-sen, Versailles. Settlement - all'enter your memory rather automatically. You need not recite then. The subject history. will be no problem if your approach to it is proper. The following guidelines may be of use to you in building up that proper approach;

1. You should not

2

of

choose a few topics from either or both of the two sections for studying in preparing for the multiple- choice paper. The hundred or somultiple -choice questions. cover the two sections, rather evenly, and their difficulty is often graded too (i.e. some questions are a bit more difficult while others are straight-forward).

A general understand- ing of the two sect-

ions (basic facts,

general causes/..

effects, etc.) is nceded.

For the conventional paper, you must choose one question from either of the two sections (each section containing 4

questions).So never concentrate on one

section and ignore

the other.

Pay wore attention to causes, effects, significance, factors

for sucess/failure, etc. A conventional question usually consists of two parts: one requiring students to give a plain description (basic facts) and the other "requiring more. analytical and. argumentative skills

(causes/effects/signi- ficance). So be prepared to deal with the second Part.

Try to write essays on some past-exam. questions, and time yourself and limit each essay to 45 minutes. The purpose is to train oneself in actually writing

·out the basic facts and points

that one has memorized. This may not be an easy

thing to do. You may know something in detail, or you may have a lot of ideas, but to express them in written form requires a good language power which only training can provide. There's of course no need to write an essay when one has not even mastered the basic. facts and points. But don't neglect this sort of training.

It's better to spend, say, half an hour on revising history notes every day or every other. day than to spend

3 hours a Line every week. It is worst to study for 50 hours non-stop before the coming of an examination. There are too. many details to study, and it is impossible to cramp them all in your mític in a few weeks. The best

thing to do is to

your notes or reference books every now and then, Then basic facts and points will enter your memory slowly and

unconsciously,

In this revision column, Europe will be dealt with first. Some- times points will be", given with explanations. Sometimes a model essay will be given, but don't ever recite it because. there is little cliance for it re-appearing again in an examination.

THE FIVE GREAT POWERS ÎN EUROPE

In 191 in Europe, there were 5 great powers

in Europe: that

in referring a great power or just a country, we use. "she" or "her" and. not "it", though "it" is

acceptable.

a strong country.) Britain

Her main interest Was commercial, as she had many colonies and other imperialist interests. There fore Britain's main aim was general peace in Europe. The worst tring to Britain was that Europe was controlled by a strong power. This happened in the early 19th century, when Napoleon conquered expensive European

territories. The "Balance of Power" must not be upset,

otherwise Britain's. commercial interests. might be badly. affected.

A great power

France

Her industrializat ion was hot as good as Britain or Germany. Many French people feared that French power was on the decline. After defeat by Prussia. (Germany later) in 1870-71, France wanted to take: revenge but knew her weakness compared: with Germany. To find compensation for this loss of face, France was active in colonization overseas, though this did not bring in much real benefit for France. This led France to have many. conflicts with

Britain, the

traditional colonial

giant. We shall see.

that only in the

late 19th and early 20th centuries (that

is, the early 1900s) did France and Britain compromised in joint defence against Germany. By then Germany had become very aggressive in foreign policy.

Germany

After 1871 Germany became a strong, unified country. Her

industrialization was very rapid.. Later she tried to

obtain colonies and build a strong navy. Britain became very alarmed. We have discussed "that France and Britain patched up their quarrels in the early 1900s so as-to defend themselves against Germany. Later, Russia joined France and Britain.

Austria

She was defeated by Prussia (later: Germany) in 1866. After 1871, Austria knew that she could never challenge.. Germany again. She often followed Germany in foreign affairs. In the 19th century, the power of Austria was on the decline. There were different races and peoples in the Austrian Empire. They tried to break

away

from the Empire to form independent countries of their own. So Austria was very conservative. She opposed independence movements. In the Balkans, Austria struggled with Russia for power.

Russia

She was the most economically back- ward among all European powers. She. was the most conservative too. The Tsar (emperor in Russia) had absolute power. In foreign policy, Russia tried to extend her influence into the Mediterranean Sea

through the Balkans. So Austria and Russia always ran into conflicts. Britain feared that her commercial interest might be badly affected by 'Russia's southward

expansion through the Balkans. So Britain sometime's acted with Austria to stop Russia. Later, however, Austria and Germany. were allied to each

other. So Europe wad divided into two camps (or groups): Britainy France and Russia on the one hand, and Germany and Austria on the

other. Italy was the

smallest of these

powers, and she

wavered between

these two camps.

經濟

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K.K.-HONG & L.T. CHAN

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD

Basic Concepts

11- Wants

People have many wants, ranging from the primary wants arising from the biological require-

ments such as the need for food and drink, to the second- ary wants created and determined by culture such as the desires to watch movie,. listen to music, study at university, etc.

Since resources available for each individual are limited, he or she cannot have all or lier wants satisfied, but only some of them. Therefore, for each individual there is a hierarchy of wants. Wants which are basic and important will be given the first priority and will be satisfied first.

Utility

By utility is meant the level of satisfaction which a person obtains weni consuming a certain commodity. The measurement of utility is subjective and varies from person to person, as well as

from commodity to

commodity. Different

people may obtain

different utility when consuming the same commodity.

As a person increases the. consumption of a certain commodity by one unit, the extra level of satisfaction. he obtains is called Marginal Utility. Marginal Utility tends

one to diminish as increases the amount of the consumption of a certain commodity successively. This is called The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility.

3. Wealth

of

Wealth can be defined as a stock goods existing at particular time. Wealth possesses utility and money value. It is limited in supply and capable of heing transferred. Wealth can be of an

individual, a society, an organisation, a gation, or the world. Economic and free. goods

Goods are defined as those which yield satisfaction to the consumers who use. them. They can be classified as free. goods and economic goods.

Free goods are unlimited in supply. eg. air, sunshine. They do not bear prices because consumers can get then

for use as: many

as they need.

Economic goods are

limited in supply.

They bear prices because they are

demanded by consumers

but cannot be supplied with unlimited

quantities, e.g. car. pen, house, book, etc. 5. Scarcity and Choice

People's wants are many, but resources for making goods arid services are limited in supply Resources are scarce in the sence that everyone' wants cannot be

satisfied fully or forever, even wien all resources have been well utilised to produce goods and services. Therefore, it is natural that people's innumerable wants are constrained

by limited supply of

natural resources in the world. Scareity arises when everyone: tries to maximise his total level of " satisfaction derived from the consumption of certain commodities and services,

As scarcity arises people must make a choice since they cannot have all their. wants satisfied fully. They have to sacrifice some of their wants in order to meet other- needs. Choice is therefore very important for every individual as long as scarcity of resources exists..

6. Opportunity cost

Since scarcity of resources exists and

people

must make

choice in arranging

resources in different lines of production, the production of certain commodities. implies the sacrifice of other commodities that could be produced by the same resources.

By the opportunity. cost of production is meant the alternative uses of factors of production which are

ecessarily sacrificed by using those resources in a particular way.

For example, a person with a certain amount of money can buy a new car or á new boat. If he buys the car, the

opportunity cost of

his action would be

the boat.

附加數

(-)

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"ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

(1)

S.T. KO

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

Exercise · I; Indices and

Logarithm

Worked examples:

1. Salve for xi

25*+4(5**1)=125.

Solution:

(5^) *+4(5*-5′)-125-0 (5*)2+20(5*)-125-0

Let y=5*,

y+20y-125=0 (y+25)(y-5)=0

y=5

(y--25, neglected)

x=1

(Ans.)

2. Given that log a+loga

=2log a log a, prove

2

that abc.

Solution: loga+log

log

C

21oga.log a

Tog changing

the

to

10g a+log

b.

base]

0.10g

210g a log a 1+1og b-210g a

log cilog blog a

log belog a

Exercise 1

Solve for 32*+2(3*)=15

(Ans.

2. Solve for y (a) 1ogy+log(y+3)=1 (b) (logo)-log.

-10% 10Y=6

3. Solve for x:

log-x-1=108,9

4. Without using tables

prove that

32

5. Prove

log.b.

5+10877-21083-1

that.

10g2

5 b⋅ log c•Log a=1 and hence deduce the value of

log-32.1og 7-1049125