1984-04-18 — Page 7

育教僑藏真三第張二第日八十月三年子甲歷

1984

中學會考試題預習專欄

歷史

only a few months after the seizure of Kinochow.

Yuan' reaction to the Demands was a mixed one. On the one hand, if he accepted the Demands, be would receive Japanese

UKIHEX ##*# support for his attempt

HISTORY (30)

VIOLA Y.Y. Woo

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

Describe Japan's activities in East Asia during the First World War. How did China and the great powers react to such activities?

* The East Asian inter- national scene was peace- ful and stable before the outbreak of the First: World War in 1914. In that year, however, because of the war which occupied the attention of the European great powers, Japan seized the golden opportunity when international constraint was absent to advance her interests in the East Asian region. First, she entered war on the side:

of the Allies (Britain:

France and Russia) against the Central powers (Germany and Austria) and made use of

the excuse to seize Kinochow in Shantung of China from German hands, The British were of course

displeased, but

since they are preoccupied with warin Europe, they just could not put up any effective opposition. Britain

needed Japan's coopera- tion as long as the First World War was on. Besides, when asked by Britain about the inten-

tion, Japan ref that

Kiaochow would

returned to China after

the war. By late 1914, all the former German rights and leases in. Shantung had fallen into Japanese hands. It could be well expected that China could not oppose such a Japanese seizure. At the same time, the Japanese navy turned to the South Pacific and occupied the German island colonies there, such as the Marshall and the Yap,

The reasons for Japan's doing so were long-term. Many Japanese business- men, politicians and militarista had for long. advocated a stronger. foreign policy (which ran against the traditional policy of co-operation with the Western powers. in the game of imperialism). This younger generation of Japanese were rising in influence in disobedience to the genro ("elders", aged Meiji leaders), who favoured continuation of the traditional policy.

In Chine, Japan's position was declining. Politically, Yuan Shih- k'ai was unco-operative with Japan but was pro- Western, or more exactly, pro-British. Secondly, economic competition and rivalry posed great threats to Japan's interests in Manchuria, especially as Japan did not have the superior economic power to compete successfully with the West. Many Japanese ultra-nationaliste favoured a more forceful attitude toward China; the Black Dragon Society, for instance, argued för the demand of far.... reaching concessions to be made to China. This formed the background to the presentation of the 21 Demands to Yuan Shib- k'aï by Japan in 1915,

to

at restoring a monarchy, which he wanted. On the other hand, however, he knew how treacherous it was if he were to do so, in view of forceful Chinese nationalism. Realizing that China alone was too weak resist Japan, Yuan turned to the other great powers, especially the US, for assistance. Be deliberately delayed the negotiation for the Demands, while revealing them bit by bit to the West. The reaction of the US and Britain was one. of general opposition and protest, But because of the First World War, the decided not to intervene to check Japan. As for France and Russia, no objection was made, since they wanted to win Japanese friendship and draw Japan into more active war-effort against Germany and Austria. France even advised China to accept the Demands..

Without foreign aid, China had no other alternative but to accept the 21 Demands. Accordingly, all German rights in Shantung were transferred to Japan; the Japanese leases in South Manchuria (Port Arthur and Dairen) were extended to 99 years; control over the Hanyehping Company was given to Japan; and China promised that ports and islands along the China coast would not be ceded to other countries.IN

But Japan feared that all these privileges might be lost once the war ended, and Western opposition revived. Thus she made agreements with the powers and even China as safeguards. Firstly, an alliance was made with Russia in 1916. Secondly, secret agreements were made with Britain, France, Italy and Russia in short, the Allied, in 1917. These Allied powers wanted greater Japanese participation in war: they therefore secretly promised to give Japan Kiaochow in Shantung. An agreement of friendliness was made with the US too. The US expected that this. would slow down Japanese expansionism. Thirdly, Japan extended some loans to the Peking warlord government of China so as to bribe China to be. co-operative in Japan's newly acquired gains, Eager for money to fight with other warlords, the Peking government accepted those loans.

There was then the Siberian Expedition, in which Japan took part, in 1918. The Expedition was an Allied attempt at checking the spread of Communism to East Asia after the Bolshevik #: seizure of power in 1917 in Russia and bringing Russia back into greater war efforts against. Germany and Austria. Japan joined it because of territorial ambiti on and the desire to keep Communist threats away from Manchuria (Japan's sphere of influence). Yet the Japanese military sent in many times the number of troops originally decided on. Again, however, the Allied powers could do little to restrain Japan, not until the First World

WAH KIU YAT PO

War ended in 1919.

Looking back over the

years from now, one sees. how the Japanese, cleverly exploited the

opportunities when the great powers were pre-

occupied with war and made great gains, territorial, economic and political, in the. East Asian regions. The traditional balance "of- power in East Asia Was destroyed in such away.

Describe the factors for the rise of. Japanese militarism in the 1930s.

Meaning of militarism 1. the government

controlled by military

men

2. spread of militaristic ideas in government. and society.

3. the government using

an aggressive foreign policy

active military prepardness and buildup at home

Factors for the rise of militariam

1. Growing influence of

the military- a. Because modernization started as defence against foreign imperialism, military men had always enjoyed a high social and political position. From about 1910 to 1945, military men established many. organizations in Japan. The influenced many Japanese people. Before 1868 (the Meiji Restoration), military men (the samurai) enjoyed a high social and political position. Thus militarism had tong tradition.

Struggle for leader- ship between military and civil leaders

3

8.

a

From 1868 to

1912, power was concentrated in the Emperor,

who was able. The Meiji statesmen (like Ito) were civil and military leaders at the same time. Fron the 1920s on, however, the Emperor was not able, and the Meiji statesmen died away. Thus military men and civil men struggled for power.

b. In times of bad inter-

national relations (such as in the 1930s), people felt that military men.

should run the country so as to protect the country.

3. Failure of democratic

experimentation -

a. Japan experimented

with democratic rule

from 1918 to 1931. The period was called the period of the party rule. But (i) modern- ization had been on the surface and democracy was difficult to take root (ii) conservative and authoritarian. force's made it difficult for democracy to work. Thus democracy failed. in the 1930s.

4. Social conservatism a. Modernization had been

limited to the political levels: during Meiji times. Institutions were reformed, but the people thoughts were not changed. Social conservatism was still very strong.

b. The contributions of

social conservatism to the rise of militarism were as follows:

many military men

came from the

報日僑華

三期星

日八十月四年四八九一屣公年三十七國民華中

+4x-12y+15-0

at (3,0)

·(2).

(3)

conservative countryside

ii, party-rule and

western-style

democracy was.

limited to city areas only

5. International develop-

ments. making it

possible for the rise of militarism –

Japanese people felt that they were discriminated against by western powers; For example, during the Washington Conference (1921 22), Japan was given an inferior ratio of naval disarmament. Military men made use of this feeling to arouse patriotic emotion. Party men were condemned as people who betrayed the country. Popular support for the military became strong.

The failure of peace- ful economic expansion in the 1920s

This policy, which party governments upheld, failed to

protect Japan's interests.

that only military men could best safeguard Japan's interests.

People thoughts on

7. Examples of dictator-

ships in Europe - Such examples were the rise of fascist rule in Italy and of Nazist rule in Germany. Japanese people thought that they could make their country strong by following such

examples.

8.

The Great Depression (1929-1930)

Because of the Depression, many: Japanese people were unemployed. Prices rose and fell sharply. Many people suffered economically.

b. People believed that

party government could not give them a good livelihood. They felt that Western capitalism and democracy were not

good, Thus they

welcomed militarism.

he thi

9. The threat of

communism.

a. Soviet Russia was a

communist country, Conservative Japanése feared that Japan might become a

communist country too.

They welcomed

centre (-1,3)

radius

r=√(-1)2+32-13

10

(Ans.)

(b) Let the required line be y-ax (as it passes through the origin)

33

where m

・y=-3x Ans. y+3x=0 (Ans.)

(c) This line meets the

circle where

2x2+2(-3x)2+4x

-12(-3x)+15=0

4x2+8x+3=0 (2x+1)(2x+3)=0

P(-1) and Q(——, }) (Ans.)

(d) Let PT be the tangent

Slope of PT=

the required tangent, PT is

+15=0 (Ans.)

(a) Substitu

into

+

x+iy+i

x+iy+2 x+(1+y)i (x+2)+ly

· x+(1+y) i

*(x+2)+iy* _x(x+2)=xyi

| (x+2)2+y

(x+2)(1+y)i+(1+y)y

(x+2)+y

2 2

Since this expression is purely imaginary, the real part is zero i.e.

x(x+2)+(1+y)y

(x+2)2 +

2 2

2

+y+2x+y=0

which is the required

locus, an equation of

circle with centre (-1,-1) and radius

√(-1)2

militarism as a force

e. /5

(Ans.)

(b) tanė---, 0-7

121 2

against communism.

附加數

C#

HELERS£#*#

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

(30)

S.F. KO

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

Solutions to Exercise 15

1. f(x)=x2+ax-+bx+c

2

f'(x)=3x2+2ax+b

(a) Since x is a factor,

(0)=3(0)+28(0)+b=0

b 07

• I ( x ) = x 3:

2

+ab+c (b) Since (x+2) is

factor,

*.1(-2)=(-2)3+a(-2)2+c=0

ise. 4a+c=8. (c) Again,

· (1)

f(a) = (1)3+a(1) 2

a+c=5.

(1) and (2) give:

the polar form of 5+1=2(cos +ising)

(+1)a

-2"(cos +ising).

=2"(cos"+isin"})

Similarly, √3-1

(ADS.)

=2(cos(~†)+isin(~^)}

(√3-1)"

(cos()+isin() -2(cosisin)

со

(Ans.)

6

(√3+1) +(√3-1)" -2"cos-+2" cos

(from above results) -2a.2008a

-2+1cos (Ans.)

C4

(a) y-ax+bx+c

a-1, b=0, c=4(Ans.)

at (-1,0) a=b+c=0..

9a+3b+c=0.

at (1,12)

a+b+c=12. |(2)-(1):-

2a+b=0

b--2a (1)-(3):

b=6

8-3 cng (Ans.) The equation of the curve is:

y=9+6x-3x2

d_6-6x=0

dx

(1,2)

and y-12-

max.

and this is a pt. The required are

-5

y dx

~S (9+6x-3x2)dx

ཀྤྱི་

32 88. units(Ans.

tar=

yaxtan

which is the equation of OP

(Ans.)

(ii) Volume requir

- y2dx

-To (xtanc)2 dx

Toxtar dx

-Xtanfox dx

tan

2

htan

(a) (1-x)

cabic units

(Ans.)

(b) x

x*(1-x) *=Q(x) (1+x2)+c

“≥Q(x) (1+x2)+c

Now's

(i)

+6x

4x

4x

5x

(ii) e-4

(0) 5' x (1-x)* dx

Where

6

+5x-4x

14

+4)dx+f!

·0 1+x

-D

+(-4) I

sec Ode

gec

putting x-tane

-(55+1-4+4)-r

dx