1984-04-07 — Page 20

真四第張五第 日七初月三年子甲膳夏

1984

中學會考試題預習專欄

歷史

(廿九)

WAH KIU YAT PO

Germany in support of Austria. Both did so because of, in part at least, the desire for nationalist glory and leadership as we have mentioned.

There were less direct

BATA KAMA US *#*# ways how nationali su

HISTORY (29)

VIOLA Y.Y. WOO

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

What is nationalism? Describe it in the 1870 1914 period and show how it contributed to the outbreak of the First World War.

When nationalism first became popular in the

arly 19th century, it referred to the advocacy for national independence from foreign control and unity among a people of a common racial origin. But towards the late 19th: century, when many European peoples lived under nations of their own, nationalism meant patriotism or love of one a fatherland. The former was defensive,

the

latter aggressive, as it

was becoming so increasingly

Between 1870 and 1914, many conflicts between the European powers had their roots in nation- alism, all the more so as the force was becoming. increasingly militant. The hatred between Germany and France, the rivalry between Austria and Italy, the restless ambitions of the East European peoples who worked to free themselves from

either Hapsburg

(Austrian)

or Ottoman (Turkish) control, were all typical examples. Thus the two Serbian provinces of Bosnia- Herzegovina in the Balkans desired a political union with Serbia, as the two provinces were under Turkish rule. Empire was

Turkish

encouraged minor nationalities to de rise against the Turks. Complicating the already explosive situation was the nationalist interest that the great powers had in the region: Germany dreamt of uniting all Germans in the Balkans to form a greater empire, and Russia dreamt of uniting all fellow Slav people in the areas under her leadership. All was concerned with nationalism,

weak, and to dont and

Given this tense European scene which intense nationalism helped bring about, how. then did the force contribute to the outbreak of the First World War? One cannot

all, that the after say, war was in part brought about by aggressive nationalism, because there was aggressive nation- alism in the period 1870-1914 and there was the war at the end of the period.

The trouble-making Balkans provided much of tanation. First,

assassin-

the ation that sparked off the war was basically a nationalist attempt on Bosnia's part to challenge Austrian supremacy. The consequent conflict between Austria. and Serbia orginated from nationalist resentment; the Serbian resentment against Austria în . blocking Serbia's attempt at uniting all Serbs, and the Austrian resentment against the Serbia challenge. Later, the Russians and the Germans intervened: Russia in support of Serbia, and

brought about the First World War. Nationalists within each of the great powers urged their governments to take strong foreign policies out of emotional patriotic reasons. The great powers, in An attempt to divert home discontent and attention to international affairs, were fond of adopting precisely those strong foreign policies. In M fact, this was one of the reasons for Austria's aggressive and adventurous involvement in the Balkans. The. great-power rivalry in colonialism, in which nationalism also played a part, had already strained great-power: relationship. The 1914. crisis therefore drew one after another of the great powers into the enlarging conflict. The First World War was the result.

Discuss the following: (a) reasons for the

decline of European colonialism after the Second Warld War.

(b) reasons for the

rapid economic recovery of European after 1945.

for the decline of European colonialism after the Second World War After the Second World War, European colonial empires were fast dis- integrating and dis- appearing. In 1939, 500 million people in Asia and Africa were under.. European rule. In 1970, the number had fallen to 21 million. During these years, the British rapidly granted.. independence to India, Pakistan, Burma and g Malaya. The Dutch could not hold their Far Castern possessions and the Dutch East Indies became Indonesia in 1945. France withdrew from Indo-China. In Africa, Tunis, Morocco, Algeria French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa had all gained independence from France by 1962. Meanwhile, the British gave their African colonies self- rule, Ghana became independent in 1957, followed by Nigeria in 1960. By the 1970, old- style colonialism had practically ceased to exist.

(a) the 'reasons

Many factors explained. this phenomenon. Firstly, both the US and Soviet. Russia were hostile in sentiment and policy towards colonialism and obstructed the attempts by European powers to re-establish colonial control, after 1945. The US, for example was reluctant to answer French appeals for help în Indo-China. Russia, on the other hand, positively sent aid to countries struggling against imperialism through the Cominform (Communist Information Bureau). Such aid was significant factor in Ho Chi Minh's success in Indo-China.

Secondly, owing to the effects of the two world wars, the influence and attitude of the colonial powers had changed. 1n 1945, they were exhausted and bankrupt, and what. they wanted was domestic

reconstruction, not

報日僑華

further imperial wars in

their colonies. The French were greatly relieved after their government had decided on total withdrawal in 1954, as made evident in the vote of the French: Assembly which approved the Indo-China settlement by 471 votes to 14. Also, the principle of national independence was popular anong European opinions. Before 1939, colonial rule was still justifiable, provided that the rule was good- intentioned and benevolent. Yet the. Second World War had changed this self- confidence, as German imperialism in Europe aroused horror. In British government. circles, for example, officials Like Attlee believed that Britain. must leave India. Such kind of view could, be found in other West European countri

As a result, abandoned many of her colonies long before she was forced to do so.

too

Thirdly, during the Second World War, Japanese victories in Asia greatly affected the future of Western colonialism. At the height of her power, Imperial Japan controlled Indo-China, Malayaj Burma, the Philippines, the East Indies and Thailand. Harsh rule of the Japanese stimulated intense East Asian nationalism, Then, towards the ending years of the war, a number of concessions

Independence were given

to these East Asian countries by Japan.

Once Japan was defeated,

it would thus be morally impossible for the Western colonial powers to refuse these. East-Asian countries real independence. The Japanese occupation convinced these countries that the Western powers were not all that. powerful. After 1945, with the rise of nation- alism, these former colonial countries struggled for independence in South and Southeast Asia.

Finally, the strength of colonial nationalism was indeed mightly. Such colonial nationalism had 3 roots. First, in colonial areas like Hindu India and Moslem. North Africa, native cultures were preserved against European and Christian

which led to influence, the rise of native nationalism. Second, the introduction of European ideas and practices stimulated nationalism in countries colonized by European Powers. European ideals of liberty, equality and independence made the colonial peoples resent their subordina- tion, Third, social and economic changes brought by the colonial powers to colonial societies had the effect of creating discontent among the native peoples. Consequently, strong national movements arose. in countries like India or Indonesia. In the end, a rapid end to the European Empires was made.

(b) Reasons for the rapid

economic recovery of

| Europe after 1945

Years of warfare and devastation had by 1945. exhausted most of the European countries. Yet after 1948 on economic recovery for Europe as whole was generally quick. There are many

六星期

reasons for the phenomenon, to which will now turn.

First, the abundant supply of capital for economic growth was a factor worth considering. Such capital came from: the large amounts of public and private, investment in war-related Industries during the war years. Even in Germany, the capital stock available for renewed

peace-time industrializ ation was greater than

the pre-war level. No.

longer sury to

continue

var-efforts,

many European countries. could employ war-related equipment for peaceful

uses,

At the same time, labour was abundant. Despite the war which killed many people, the European population was still large,

providing &

working force

thereby

The large number of

economic

refugees and rural migration to towns increased such a force ...for urban industries.. Besides, these people were willing to work in new and rapidly expanding branches of industry. As labour was cheap, investment was. encouraged.

Government policies also played an important part in the economic recovery. Instead of continuing with the pre- war unsound economic policies, the European governments now adopted new economic policies that actively promoted- full employment for the people. As the people

government

expected the e materialem higher.

to give

standard of living and economic prosperity, the govern- Bient was forced to develop welfare measures, the costs of which could be met by economic growth.

In France, for example, an ambitious national plan of economic develop- ment was drawn up in 1946. In short, European governments became more. active and enthusiastic in assuming the role of stimulating their countries' econimic activities.

Internationally, the protectionist economic policies adopted by the European governments before World War II now. gave way to liberal commercial free-trade. after 1945. This could be seen in the founding of international organisa- tions for economic ico- operation, like the OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Co- operation) in 1948 and. the EEC (European mi Economic Community) in 1958. Both of them greatly helped in their members economic performance, for trade was made easier and greater industrial.. specialization for such country was made possible.

We must not, however, overlook the important contributions made by the US to Europe's economic.

recovery. In 1947, George Marshall, then the American Secretary of State, announced a program to help the European economies which was known as the Marshall Plan. By mid-1950, nearly 10,000-million US dollars had been made available. to European countries. Besides, the military aids that the US sent to Europe and the expenses of American troops there had the same beneficial

日七月四年四八九一曆公年三十七國民華中 育教僑華

effects for the European

countries.

Lastly, scientific and technological advance served to quicken the speed of

industrialization. For instance, uses of oil, natural gas and nuclear energy began to replace the traditional

dependence

on coal for power. As more machines performed human jobs,

manual work was reduced.

經濟 (廿九) 飲品牌 王啓光♯

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陳勵德R

MILE & DALE PUESS ITD.

Frade and Industrial

Development in Hong Kong

A The Government's Pole

To facilitate the trade and industrial development, the long

Kong Government provides assistance

u respect of the following services: Institutional Services

The government has Helped to provide. Institutional: assistance for trade. and industry through the Hong Kong Trade evelopment Council cao Trang Hong Export

Credit Insurance Corporation and the Hong Kong. Productivity Centre. These organs. zations are financed from public funds and- provide sales pronco- tion

credi

scheme, and various types of training aud

tancy services

cnctively.

The government, also provides financial. and other support fo bodies such as the Federation of Hong Kong Industries, the Hong Kong Management association, the long Beng Industrial Design Council and the Hong. Kong Packaging" Council Industrial Training

The two universities in Hong Kong provide technological training in engineering, architecture and electronic science. The Hong Kong Polytechnic provides technical and vocational edicati ot through its full-tius and part-time courses Bobby universities and the polytechni

are

financed fo

funds.

public

The Government als runs some technical institutes which provide technical training at craftsman and technician levels and have full-time and part-time courses,

The Government algo encourages and assists companies to start apprenticeship training schemes so that an adequate.. supply of technically. qualifies manpower for trade and industry is ensured.

Industrial Land Policy Industrial sites are zornia 1dy sold by means of public auction, tendor or the Letter B. exchange system. However, the govern- ments sale of Tand

is sometimes made on special terms in order to accomodate those industries that are Tand and capital: intensive or posses·n high level of technology the presence of which İş considered to be economically desiraléle to Fang Yong,

Furthermore, and Industrial Estates Corporation has con set up to develop and manage industrial

estates.The first industrial estate under einstruction at Tai 6" and the proposed second site is at Yuệm long, Other services

1. Banking

Commercial disputes By coordinating with the government, the Chamber helps, to

promote trade cand

attract nev industrie

Lw Hong Kong. It is

now a member of the

Internationa

of Corrieree, and 11 Fédéretion of Commonwen 1 ti Chanbers of Coriierce,

-Bank si-n iong Long are well specialised in financing inter- national trade as well as financing domestic. activities. They maintain extensive crédit information and corimercial introduction servi for their clients and for these, who wish të establish business with Hong kong.

At the end of 197 there were 115 licensed banks in long Tong and many them have branches.

and correder

over the

Trong long can offer a comprehensive banking service in an inter- national scale. in addition. The absence of any exchange

control regulations further allows h minimum of formality "and

a quick handling of transactions.

Insurance

Insurance also contributes substantially to the growth and prosperity of Hong Kong and it plays a critical role in trade, and industrial develop- ment There are many insurance companies represented in Hong

Long either through their head offices, bránch offices or through: agencies held by merchant houses. All classes uf insurance are readily available here.

Chambers of Corimerce

The long Kung General Chamber of Commerce is the, carliest establshed trade and industrial organization in Hong Kong. Its membership. represents all

brunches of commerce and Industry and is represented on a number of government beards and committees. Its main purposes are to foster trade and

to protect

SAMANtion of.

the

business and to arbitrate in commercial disputes. The Chamber is a member of the Intes national Chamber of Cogamercé and the Pederation of Common- wealth Chambers of Commerce

Other organizations

Other organizations which help to promote and facilitate trade and productivity. The fude the Tederation

of Hong Kong Industries, the Chinese Manufacturer Association of [font- cong, the ong ng Exporters! Association, the Amercian Chamber of

•Commerce, the Hong Kong Japanese Charber

of Commerce and. Thustry, the Teng Rong Shippers Council and the Hong Kong Management. Association,

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