1983-12-25 — Page 23

育教僑華食三第張六第 日二廿月一十年亥癸夏

1984

中學會考試題預習專欄 歷史(十四)

明德出版社胡應亮 提供資料

HISTORY (14)

Viola Wong Yuk-yue

MITI & DALE PRESS LTD,

Ch this issue we siraiT

fearn how in the late 19th century, foreign powers competed with one another. to obtain Imperialist benefits from China.

Note these points: (a) use the terms

foreign powers" rather than "western powers" here because Japan was one of thre imperialists (but not a western power) the times were known as an age of imperialism, among bistorians

the "imperialist benefits consisted of colonies and other things which you shall learn about.

THE SCRAMBLE FOR CONCESSIONS; 1896-99

Meaning - Tn 1896-99 Many foreign powers obtained or scrambled different kinds of imperialist benefits from China, These benefits were called concessions. In the end, China was nearly partitioned by these foreign powers (though she was not). This was known as the Scramble for Concessions in history.

A. Sino-foreign relations

1842 - 1894

China was forced to stun unequal treaties by foreign powers and

y gave different treaty

terms te bien. För-3 example, treaty ports were opened, and

tariff was fixed at alow rate.. Foreign settlements started in some treaty ports, c.g. Shanghai, Canton. Foreigners enjoyed. self-rule in these settlements in practices

Because of the most- favoured nation

clause, any privilege that China granted to a foreign country would be shared by all other foreign. countries automati- cally.

(a)China was independent and maintained law and order.

(b)Then foreign powers

could do traile

aid

peacefully. They not need to take up "administrative

responsibilities.

5. Britain monopolized

45. of all China

trade.

B. Causes of the:

1

Scramble for

Concessions

The First Sino-

Japanese War (1894–95) upsetting the balance

of power,

(a)In the Treaty of

Slim his kì (12)

Japan obtained a large Indemnity and

extensive territories from China (including. Taiwan);

fi

This made the western powers worried that thefrown interesta were threatened. They obtained similar gains from China to balance the Japanese gains. (b)The quick defeat or

China by Japan in the war made, the Western povers

believe thiệt Chim could not uphold law and order herself. The Vestern

powers started to cut up China into parts

within which they

enjoyed exclusive interests (fle.

interests not shared by other powers)

The growth of European. imperialism-In the late 19th century, the European powers

colonized many parts

of the world.

The fucrease of great- power rivalry and challenge to, British power - Russia, France and Germany were jealous of.

Britain's domination

of the China trade and wanted to challenge Britain.

Conclusion

The Scramble for Concessions started. because of:

a. the fear among the European powers of losing benefits to Japan

an unwillingness to fall behind in the scramble for gains the respouse and reaction of one'

pover to the benefit. made by another power C. Types of imperialist

benefits

1. Economic and

territorial benefits

(a)railway- and mining

rights

(b)loans for China in

exchange for other economic concessions (c)leased areas, with

reduced land tariffs, rights of police power.

a

3

2.Spheres of Influence

When the above rights had been obtained by

in power

certain ares of China, a sphere of influence. was created. That power, enjoyed exclusive interests there w Non-alienation agreements - China promised not to cede

or transfer a sphere of influence to another power. Course of the Scramble for Concessions (Look at the nấp when reading the following part.) -

The Triple Intervention - In 1895 Russia, Germany and France joined to force Japan to give China back the Linotung Peninsula fin South Manchuria). Japan obtained the peninsula from China earlier in the Treaty of Shimonoseki.

2. Russia and France.”

making use of China's weakness - (a)Both countries

demanded rewards from China for the Triple Intervention:

France demanded; interests in

Southwest China. France and Russia a loan

Rave China

in 1896.

fii.Russia asked for

the extension of the Trans-Siberian Railway through Manchuria in 1890, 3. Rivalry between France

and Britain in. Southwest China

4. German occupation of

Kinochow and Russia's reaction, 1897-98 (a)In 1897 Germany leased

Kiaochow of Phantung from Chinaz (b)To balance the German

Igain, Hussia took

Port Authur and Dairen on the piaptung. Peninsula.

5. British and Japanese

gains-

(a)ão-bulance the Russian gain, Britain.. Feased Weihaiwei in Shantung

as a naval përt. (b)Also, Britain made

WAH KIU YAT PO

China agree, with the rich Yangtze valley as a British sphere of influence.

(c)Japan made Fukien a sphere of interest. French occupation of Kwangchow Bay and Britain's reaction, 1898 - France obtained. the bay from China în 1898. This led Britain." obtaining the lease of the New Territories (north of Kowloon) from China in the same year so as to counter the French gain. China refusing to graut further concessions in 1899. In 1899 Italy asked China for a concession But China refused it flatly.

KRY

-MANCHURTA:

British

Buarian

airen French Japanese Port Arth

КОЙВА

Ye Flow

River

Yangtze River

Klaochow

報日僑華

日期星

日五廿月二十年三八九一公年二十七國民 中

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

14

and

are the five

KO

against another - For example, when Russia proposed a loan to China 1895, the Ching government

counter-balanced it by opening negotiations with Britain and Germany for a similar loan. In 1898, China. welcomed the lease of Weihaiwei to Britain as a way to counter- balance Bussia's lease of Port Arthur and. Dairen.

5. The Boxer Uprising It showed that the Chinese were prepared to resist and attack foreigners. Therefore the foreign powers were more reluctant to partition China:

-

Britain's role Britain, did not want to see China partitioned into

spheres of infither

The dominating. position of Britain helped to make the internationa!

situation stable.

7. The Open-Door Policy

(as described).

G. Effects of the

Scramble for

·Faki éb;

1

Yondan Kvangtongy

Kwangchow Bay.

The Open Door Policy, 1900—015

From 1899 to 1899, Britain approached the USA for

Van Open Door policy. According to the proposal, every foreign country would share equal commercial opportunity in China. a) In 1899 the USA

advocat operation in.

circulated the open-

door note to Britain,

France, Germany, / Russia, Italy and

塔牌 Japan

(b)a second open-door

note was circulated

in the same way in 1900 (during the Boxer Uprising 1900-01). It was accepted by the foreign powers and was included in the Boxer. Protocol of 1901. (The Protocol concluded the Bozer Uprising.)

F. Reasons for China's

not being partitioned- Lack of agreement among the great powers on partitioning China

When the powers- challenged one another. and reacted to one another's gains, a kind of balance was reached. In effect, the powers were watching each other's gaing and advances. Their self-interests were divided, and they could not agree on a plan to partition." China.

Unwillingness to take

up administrative responsibilities - The foreign powers wanted economic benefits. from China. They did.

not want to administer China directly as a colony. China was too large in size.

Changing international attention and the growth of European liberalism → Inter- national tension elsewhere for example, in Europe and Africa) shifted the attention of the great powers from China, At the same Lime, European liberalism was grow- ing, which resulted T & more liberal

attitude towards cirini

4. China's success in

balancing one

imperialist pover

Concessions

Stimulating the

Hundred Day Deform of

of.. 1898-At a time intensified foreign imperialism a group of young scholars (Kang Yu-wei kak Liang Chi-ch1að. *, etc.) attempted a reform movement in Peking. in 1898. They were supported by the Emperor.

Contributing to the Boxer: Uprising of 1900–01 - In Chinese society, the Scramble

for Concessions

increased anti-foreign

activities amongst Chinese people: For example, the German seizure of Kinochow in 1897 created great fear and hatred among the local Shangtunge se people. Some of the se people organized themselves and called themselves Boxers (to). In 1900 they entered Peking and killed many foreigners.

3. Strengthening Chinese

nationalism - In the face of foreign aggression, many Chinese people became more nationalist.

Nationalism became more anti-imperialist

nature.

4. Indirectly leading to

the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese war 1904-05 and of the First World War of 1914-18 - (a)After the Triple

Intervention, Japan resented Russia. Then Russia established influence in Manchuria (1.e. Port Arthur and Dairen) in 1898, but Tapan wanted Manchuria too. All this helped to

cause the Husso Japanese Var. (b)Great-power rivalry during the Scramble for Concessions

increased

international tension, therefore indirectly. contributing to

You

the outbreak of the First World War, In the next issue, will be shown how a question on the Scramble for Concessions can be answered in practice. keep this issue and revised it before you read the next issue.

【附加數 (十四)

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Solution to Exercise 7

(a) Given:

z=cose+ising Z=cos+~ising

2-

=2+2 +322(2+2)

Où substituting, we have.

(2cuse) '=(cost+isine)

+(Coso-igino)3 +3(1)(2cose) (as ¿z=1)

Azcos30+isin50+

cos50-isin50+

beose

(by De Moivre's

theorem) =2cos39+6cose

36-400810-7cose

...(Lisine))

=(cose+isine

(cosu-isine) 3(1)(2isine)

sin

3

=cos30+isin30- cos30-isine-

bisine

=21sin30-6isine

sin30=3sing-4sin

(a) The fift “unity

roots of

#1401-/

cis(360n

360n9

-ci 972n where n=0,

when n-U‚·

Argand Diagram of cube roots of -81 (c) The fourth roots of

-2-2/31

Let z-2-2/31.

=16cis(360n +240°) -(2*cis(560n +240°)) =2cis(90n® +60°) when n=0, 1, 2, 3 when n=0,

20=2c1960

when -1,

- 3+1 where

and

when n=2,

n=cis240°

-1-31

when n=3;

are the

required roo

Argand Diagram

showing the fourth roots of -2-2/31

(a) 2z +3iz+4=0

By means of the formulá

When n=1,

=0.309+0.951

when u=2,

byƑcis144°.

=-0.809+0.5881. when n=3, 25-cis216°

=0,809-0.5881

when n=4ÿ

cis288"

=0.509+0.951

where q

OoLs of

Argand Diagram

fifth roots of unity The cube roots

=-81

=8(-1).

-8cis(360n

=(23cia(360n°+270° =Leis(120n® +90°)

where n=0.

when n=0,

when

#2ci 890

#21 when

cis2109

-1.752-1 when n=2,

g=cis330°

=1.752-1 Where 2

and

are the required roats.

-b-Ƒb ̃-4ac

26

for solving the quadratic equation:

ax +bx+c=0 we have

-J15/151)2-4(8)(4)

-3149-32

31

(b)

=0

00827 =(cos270 +isin270

cos135 sini

i± — (-1-i)

(-1-4)1

(8) u =cos=3+isin=

(Ang.

-(cos-Frisin2)

3

=cos= x 3+isin=3x3

cos27+isin27

C.W -1-0

(Ans.)

*1+(cos +isin2) +

cos x 24isin x2

=0

(Aus

+cos +isin(3)

=1+2cos

1+2(

(a+bw)(a+bw2)

++ )ab+b2 3

(1)

ab+b

2

(Ang.)

(Ans.