1983-12-14 — Page 31

育教僑華貞三第張八第日一十月一十年亥癸夏 WAH KIU YAT POS

1984

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HISTORY (12)

TUTTO YÇI: VOO,

MIL) & DAJE PRESS LTD"

The following is basic outline of the Meiji modernization of Japan (1868-1912). The word "Heiji was the.

name of the emperor who ruled Japan during this period- the Meiji Emperor. Before 1868. Japan was basically

feudal country, no central government, backward economy and society etc. From that year to 1912, when the Meiji Emperor died, many

reforms were attempted. and they changed, or transformed, Japan Ereatly. Jahan them

became a modern, state,

The process through which

dapan became a modern

state is known as

"modernizati nu".

Máckground te

modernization.

Why did Japan try to modernize herself?. 1. Vestern imperialism

Since, 1857-54, foreigners came too Japan and opened her hip for trade, and

increased contact, (4) Teonomic imperialism

Western goods entored Japan and destroyed the traditional Matidicraft:

indústries in many.

(b) Military imperialism.

Western countries. had superior military technology and Veapous. They. could use them to threaten Japan's national safety. Therefore, the Meiji statesmen (who helped create the new Meiji state in

set.

the goals modernization` as

"rich country and strong aray",

trong

Meiji Restoration

The Meiji Emperor was restored to rule in 1868, when the

Tokugawa shogunate - was overthrown. This made it possible

carry out

modernization.

Preliminary steps to moderniza 1. jop

- Refore rödernization could be successfully carried out

a few steps had to be taken. These steps include:

MG

Abolition of feudalism - Politically, clan

overnments() of the past (ruling fifferent parts of Japan rather independently) were abolished, Clan armies vere aliolished too. Then Japan vas divided into over 70. prefectures (similar în provinces), and in each of the the Central Covernment. På Tokyo appointed officials to rule, the people. In society, the samurai's social position was cancelled, so that all people enjoyed canal eights' and stared responsibilities. The samurai vere given, k svylary, but Fron 4876 on the salary vis

el anged, inle, à sung

resented their logs of amuperior yueinl pogitinn.

revolted, against the new governtient, like

in 1877. But they were

not a serious problem.

Setting up, after

centralized, government

- This is necessary so that central planning

of the modernization programmes could be carried it. Creation of reliable aources of income for

the central government

The land tax was Peformed. In 1873, Landowners were

all

required by law to pay

tax fut 3%-

a yearly t

of the Land Value) to the central government. So the

centralment hird

constant

reliable source, ef money to carry, nut different moderniza- tion programmes, ASA after this reform the Tand tax coule be predicted, the “eiji government could plan its finaners better too. Until 1888, Land tax alone was respon- sible for over half. of the Mesäß,

government's total

income.

Different modernizatз on programmes. - The Meiji government carried out these programmes at the same time. The willingless to do. explained why modernization was successful

1. Economic modernization

- Development of

military strategic industries. This is understandable, in view of the felt weed to defend the country. against foreign imperialism. There was development of consumer industries too. This aimed at protecting Japanese goods against foreign economic imperialism

(a) Firstly, agriculture

vas modernized, for Japan was still an agricultural country at this time. Agricultural sts were sent

to

countries to learn more v advanced agricultur- al technology.g Foreign experts were. employed. New kinds of seeds and plants. were introduced. ADE

experimental

agricultural.

stations and colleres were set up. With money income obtained from agricultural

development, the

Meiji government

could finance other modernization programmes.

the 1870s, the Meiji government. developed industries herself, because private businessmen were unwilling to do so, in view of the risk involved. Thus shiphui Ming yurds, gur power and

munition factories, and artillery works were established. These were all military-strategie

inuustries. Nou

ilitary-strategic

industries included silk-reeling plants glass and chemical manufacturing plants cotton-spinning factories, etc.

(c) From the early 1880s

onwards, the Meiji government began to sell non-military industries to private lands but retained control ar the military industries.

(4) Pecause of te

(b)

private Japanese

報日僑華

companies benefitted

greatly. They

obtained industries from the goverment

at very cheap prices, They became

financial giants or financial combines called the Zaibatsu

(財閥)

Educational modernization - There vere 2 noin dims:

acquiring Western knowledge. strengthening national unity. In the 1870s, universal, compulsory "eduration was

introduced and. carried out, Howevò conservatives soon feared that Vestern education would. destroy Japants national tradition. They opposed education on Vestern, Tiberal

1880s or education, became more, and more illiberal and conservative. Although Japanese still learnt Western technology, they were taught absolute.

to the

Pree thinking not encouraged.

was the root of Japan's ultres. nationalism, which Iater (in the 20th century) led to conquest of China the Pacific Vor 71941-45), and lastly disaster Japan.

Meanwhile, during the Meiji neriod,

national unity was strengthened by wilticational rádernization.

which therefore

contributed to thë success of all modernization programmes;

ilitary modernization - AL first, the aim vas to defend Japan

against possible attaci froru favoigners. Prom the 1880s, on, however, the ain was win offensive wars and aeqpire

jeperialist

possessions

1873, Conscription

Law A13 adult a be citizens had to

serve in the army navy for a period, In this way, national arred

vern created forces (b) 1878. and after.

discipline in the armymu, navy wai male righter.

dministration was: contralized. There- afer, the damene se military forces became roro and more authoritarian and. Conservative;

Political

modernization constitutions) rovenent. (c). It started as

struggle for jovei

political Leaders wanted to make use. of the reverent (railing for the adoption at a

Tobtain A

from

and denter vho ran

the washinment,

Microfure there: Mi Chun, Almenl deriro

potitutione Trari 1868 10 18/7,

Leaders opposed, the tuling leaders hy

三期星

armed rebellious. The rebellions were suppressed. So the

chose the peaceful Way of

ing. for power -- through the constituţional

Dovencntium

1891–the Maijë. government amounced that a constitution would be adopted by 1889, The Meiji

government wished to imitate the Western constitu-

tional system. From 1881 to 1889. the Meiji governacet strengthened the rule of the Emperor end discouraged the activities of political parties. Therefore, when the constitution was adopted in 1889 there was not much change to the basically illiberal, authoritartion:

Heure of

the Meiji

stat

of modernization The results were superficial (on the surface);

1. Only national

institutions were

changed; ural society remained very

conservative. The people were conserva tive.

But meanwhile, Japan successfully protected herself against forcien imperialisu. In fact, because Japan had been successful ly modernized, she became an imperialist power

hergolf.

When Japan was veak

(în the 1850s or 1860s, alie had to Bign some unequale treaties with the Lextorp jinvers. When

dapun was successfully modernized, she revised these mecus! treaties (in the 1890s).

But because undemocratic,

anthoritarian forces were not removed. during the moderniza-

tion process, the

ground was paved for

the rise of nilitarism later.

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K.K. WONG & L.?. CHAN

NILI & DALE PRESS LTD, Supply

J. The definition of

supply

Supply refers to total quantity of a. commodity that will be made available to the market at a given price, ever a given period of time.

The supply of a commodity depends mainly upon the business decision mode by the entrepreneur in the industry.

Just as derand is not the sume as need, the quantity of supply. does not only the to mean the existing stock in the market, It represents the amount of a gond or service which is ruled by the price at a

period of time

II.Supply Curve

There is a tendency for a seller to put a greater quantity of goods and services into the market at a higher price than at a lower price.

The following diagram, shows that a firm called s vill

日四十月二十年三八九一曆公年二十七國民華中

supply greater

quantity of the

product as price

becomes higher,

Price Per Unit jose Commodity

quantity Supplied

Per Month

000 1,800

9.90

280

16, 600:

76.

1,400

.60-

,200

54.

1000.

800

2.30

700

220

600

"500

9.00

400

Putting the above Lable into a diagram. a upward sloping individual supply. curve can be drawn. This curve represent the state of supply of Firm ot u

particular time. The vertical axis refers

to the price seale and the horizontal axis

refers to the quantity supplied of that commodity.

P Price per unit

·500

Individual supply curve firm A

1,000 1,500 2,000

Quantity Supplied.

Per Month

The individual ... supply curve clearly shows that the higher the price of a commodity, the. greater quantity: would be supplied by the fir

The aggregation of the supply curve of all firms in the

whole industry is called market supply curve of the commo¿- ity, as shown in the figure telov. Its shippeds similar to the shape of individual supply curve.

Price per unit

Market Supply

Curvé

Quantity Supp

• commodity

The law of supply

slates that the higher the price of Scommodity, the great-

er will be the quantity supplied. în the market. The Law is based on the

'scarcity! problem in. the economy, implying: that the producers are útilļizing the limited resources to produce in order to satisfy people's wants. The decision of an entrepreneur depends on the cost and benefit analysis in the produè ti on

Process.

Change in supply A change in quantity supplieri means that the change of the -quantity in a firm

or in the market in. respect of a range of price cimnges.

a change in supply means that a greater or smaller amount of eonds und

Services is supplied in મ firm or In a market without." any changes in the price of the product change in supply frevolvở a shift in

the supply curve.

If the curve, movea towards the left

(from SS to 8,5

11 then there is an increase in supply as shown in Fig. Price:

Fig

Quantity

•Supplied

Quantity Supplied for commodity

the curve, moves backwards from SS to

that there

s said

decrease in supply

as shovin Price

Quantity Supplied

IV. Factors affecting

change in supply

The chief factors affecting supply are the price of the commodity and the condition of

lys

They can be sumerized es follo¥S:

The price of the.

commodity

The profitability in a company is affected by the price of the.

commodity in the market. An entrepren~ eur must take the:: profit ratio into consideration. He must there

consider whether is normal profit during the operation. In other words, he will attempt to operate at the best level possible. The rise of the price will lead to good prospect of profitability. The

entrepreneur wil expand the production scale so as to improve productivity.

The cost of production The whole business depends so much on the control and calcula- 11on of the production. cost in the firm. The

rise of the wages, rent, interest and other costs of produc-. tion will generally reduce the supply of a commodity coming on to the market. A fall in his costs will have the opposite effect. The technique" of

production

The development in new method of produc- tion and the invention of new technology can help to promote the production efficiency. The introduction of new machinery may make the extension of output possible, Tffects of taxation

Taxation of commodities can directly influence the price of the commodity TL will certainly raise the price of the commudity and the cost of production. There- fore, the inposition of taxation vill generally result in the decrease of supply. Natural Tudfueti ees and politica] influences

Political disturb ance may discrunt either the actual output itself or the distribution system. For example, var, strikes, fire and. eivid, unzest hinder the normal nedivivies of production.