1983-11-13 — Page 19

報日僑

日期星

日三十月一十年三八九一屦公年二十七國民華中

| 賣業銀行首席經濟專家,也盛則可望進一步加 【特訊】英國艾尔·持在日前水平;汽車線

看好美明年經濟

漢華實業銀行專家

華僑經濟

失業降至百分八 公司盈利住宅新建晉

艾格拿在紐約發過年度

。

「經濟預側。..

·發展明年雖然可能放 他認爲美國商業之

,惟每年對美國將仍

年进發好轉,國民穗產之經濟復甦不均持續三 每季度將以不同程度年,從歷史角度看,

對美國經濟保持信心。 ...他預計美國經濟明一,戰後美國在和平時期的

明年笑選總統,有理由 一自前之商業發展仍可持

之經濟發展情况,他說: 他還談及美國歷來

艾格京指出,由於

明

長率則爲百分之二十。 新建住宅樓宇將保一實屬好消息。 分之二十五,今年之沧力之珔長,對以美國為 在较低水平。 . '度快過物價上張速度, 百分之八,通脹率維持|英國人民收入之增速 帝國失業率預計將下降至。另外,今年夏季,

·明年逭個時候,美」繼多月。 公司盈利將站長百 這種情况勢必導致消費 主要市塔之本港出台

台手工具並無受補貼

美國國際貿易委員會所 手工具業者代表三人在合一般消费者的需要。 [華盛頓電我 原因是品級與價格

-KERIANNIEGE | :長尹德川、同光經業營運受損,美國業者可

且產品品級屬中、低級的情形。如果調查發現, 接受任何政府補貼,业 美國產製之手工具競爭 孤台貿易公司董事爭行程,並且美國工業 外雄廠商有不公平的競

舉行的一項公她會上表」院請求下展開進項問 示,我國手工戲廠商未,以分析進口手工具與 委且會在美國參議

未與美產直接競争

司總經理潘煨章,以及

一只提訴顯,要求限製

·型岱實業公司總經理張

20.9%

由於美國進口 0

育教濟經頁三第張五第日九初月十年亥癸歷夏

WAH KIU YAT PO

..

伯明,在美嘉律師江門

·覆委員會委員提出的問..CO興製造商氣逅

ROXWALL TOOL

,我國檢美手工具一 我國業者代表指出一

HAND TOOL

NATIONALI

CORP. S

·院近年對美出口增加典一結果 格亦有距離,我國手工 應不會有對我國不利的 於品級有差異,銷售股完成的沒項調查報告, 汽車製造市場不同。由】 委會預定於明年二月

怡和與美大陸保險合作 隆德保險集團改組 在亞太區爭取增長

【一供應一股零售市埸,與均親自出席影聽會高雄

美國廠商供應之工業與口商品辯護,一般

交「亞洲地區保險業領導者。

| 大屁搫脚,以發展成為,對業務發展得為不善

·,面目一新,現正計劃的管理技巧及專業知識

支收際國澳

晉大餘盔

KEE

力計局報告。

十月份以諍

* 貨幣動向

收文盈餘俗

,萬美元,九

月份,反映出資本流入

·往來帳赤字由九月

1984 中學會考試題預習專欄

經濟動

CAD

明德出版社

王珞

【提供資料 陳勵德

ECONOMICS (8)

K.K. WONG & L.T. CHAN

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

1. Disscuss the economics

of large-scale

production and explain why some small firms stil)

exist.

Economics of

large-scale. production can be achieved when output increases, the average cost of production tends to fall over normal ranges of output. The following are some of the main economics of scale enjoyed by large- scale production. Economics in the use of factors of production

The total costs to output increase less than proportionately..

output for a large

than a smaller one. Since large scale production may need more labour force, greater division.“ labour will most

of

probably be employed.

Consequently, the

average output per nan-hour can be⠀⠀⠀ expected to rise and qualified specialists can be introudced. In. addition, a larger firm will attract more efficient labour. because it can offer its employees better propects of promotion. to higher-paid posts. Greater division of labour also enables a more capitalistic method of production and employment of more specialized machinery. Large scale of production enable the economical use of its materials for what might be waste to a small firm can often be used by a large firm in the manufacture of by-products.

Economics of administration

As far ая economics of

administration is concerned, due to.. increase in division of labour, a larger firm is able to attain a more efficient use of labour and better management methods. Marketing economics

It is generally the case that a large firm can buy more. cheaply than a smal one, for it buys new materials component parts, etc. In bulk. Hence it enjoys the. quantity discount for large purchases. Similarly, a large retailer can buy directly from the producer at a low price than that

charged by the

wholesaler. As far as advertising and promotions are

concerned, a large

firm is able to

afford a high spend ing on these items than a small firm.

d) Economics in finance

Large firms-.

generally are

considered to be

safer borrowers by the banks, thus the they can borrow money from banks at a lower rate of interest.

Economics in research

Large firms again have advantages over the small, for they can set up their own research departments, have their own laboratories, and can employ a large number of trained research. workers. In this way, a large firm is able to study betterments for the company and innovate products for the company's growth.

f) Economics in welfare A large firm is... financially able to provide long-run, extensive welfare. facilities and improve the working conditions for its employees. Even though large firms can enjoy the advantages. through. large scale

production, the fact.

that

·sti all firms

survive indicates the follow ing reasons:-

(1)The size of the

business tends to be small

(1) Where

work involves the provision of direct services, for instance doctors accountants. dentists. (ii) the work cau be

done by craftsmen e.g. in tailoring (iii)a personal service

is provided such as that of the demestic plumbe or electrician.

(2)Sometimes, many small retailers can survive because they have been able to given personal attention to the particular requirements of their own group of customers who are willing to pay a little more for this service.

LKAPENAS in supplying

firms are just

enough qualities when there is only a limited demand for a commodity in the market.

(4)In som

some forms of production, costs quickly start to rise as production expands, and so the. most economical unit is the small firm, or in other words, the optium size of the firm should be small.

What are the different types of integration? State the advantages. and disadvantage of

integration, There are distingishable

of integration:

Horizontal integration

⠀ A horizontal

integration results. from the combination of 2 or more firms that sell in the

same line of business. Since a horizontal integration combines competitors together, it increases the degree of industrial: concentration and tends to contribute to a reduction of competition within an industry.

Vertical integration

A vertical integration results shen one of the firms in the combination supplies the other with an important service of intermediate product. The integration of a paper mill with magazine is such an example. This type of integration gives

a company more control over its distribution and purchasing. Even though the firms involved are

a

direct competitors,

a vertical integration some times results in aenistderable: reduction of competition by providing a way for firm to hold substantial control in one market to spread its another.

control to

Conglomerate integration

A conglomerate- integration results when firms that are in distinct, often unrelated, industries combine together. The integration of a steel manufacture and a cigarette company is an example. Although a conglomerate integra tion is less likely to influence.

competitive conditions than either, horizontal

or vertical driz

integration, it can

still reduce the scope.

of competition when

the two firms.

integrated are strong

potential competitory or are important customers of each other.

Advantages of Integration

Integration can bring about

operational efficiency. and reduce the cost of production, Thus

the customers can benefit by paying a lower price as a result of integration. Excessive competition can be eliminated through integration and wastage of

valuable resources can be avoided. Also, when small firms integrate together to form a single large firm, the economics of large-scale production can be obtained. More. chance and wider scope for improving quality,

standardization and

research

facilities

for products can be realized through integration of firms. Likewise, integration may increase

coordination between different stages of production and

substantial increase. in output can be achieved. Disadvantages of Integration

Integration can create many new problems which the original firms are unfamiliar with or difficult to tackle with. Also, since integration can result in operational. efficiency, redundant labour will have to be dismissed and this can pose a serious problem especially countries where unemployment is already critical. Even though

integration in general can reduce risks

and undertainies for

production, the organization formed may be too complex an too large to manage. Thus, worse co- ordination instead of better coordination between various stages of production may ⠀⠀ arise Combination of firms likewise can reduce competition and increase concen- tration as well as

monopoly power &

Concentration is

especially a problem. when the industry is very critical to the country concerned. The decline of collapse of a big firm in such an industry may put a large number of workers out of job and push the related industries into difficulties. A depression or wasa unemployment may thus result. On the other hand, monopolistic power can bring harm to the consumers if

the large firms.

decide to charge,

higher prices in

order to realize

more profits.

附加數

明德出版社高樹方提供資料

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

(8)

S.F. KO

MITI & DALE PRESS LTD. Solutions to Exercise

(a).S.

sinx siny+sinz

sin(x+y+zY =(sinx+siby)+ [sinx-sin(x+y+z)]

Pain-cos

cos sin

*Pain [co

C++] -2sin(-2sin2x+22

si-2y-z

chain singin

L.HS.

(b)).H.S.-cos2x+cos2y+

cos2z+1

=2cos(

(2x+2x)cos(2x-2)

+cos2(1−(x+y)] +1 =2cos(x+y)cos(x-y)+

cos2(x+y)+1 =2cos(x+y)cos(x−y)+

2

2cos (x+y)-1+1= ×2cos(x+y)[cos(x~y)+

cos(x+y)] =2cos(x+y) [2cosxcosy] -4cos (-Z)cosxcosy

4cosxcosycosz.

R.H.S.

(c)L.H.S.

2:

cosx+cos y+cos

= (1+cos2x)+(1+.

cos2y)+(1+cos2z) cos2x+cos2y+

cos22)

−2+2[-4COSXCOSƑCOsz]

(from (b) part) =1-2cosxcosycosz

-R.H.S.

(a)2sinxcos X+810 2ginx (1-sin x)

sin x-1=0

2sinx-2si

sin x-1=0

2sinx+1=0.

2y-x=2x+1÷0 where y=sinx

. (y−1) (y+1) (2y-1)=(

, −1 or ¦

10x=1 ⇒x=90°

2

2sin xcus 2(1-cos x)

(Ans.)

(2eosx−1)(cosx+1) 0

· X=60

180

300°

x=60' 180 300

(Ans.)

(c)tanx tanx 5tanx

tan x-tanx+√ɔ̃tanx=0

tanx{tanx-1).

5(tanx-12-0 (tanx-1)(tanx-5)=0

or tang=√3

or 225°

x=45°

or 240

60o, 225′′ and

(Ans.)

(a)

Jacosxer sinx

Jocosx-1-2sinx

Jocosx+2sinx=1

6092sinx

Cosacos+singsinx=

-0.3535

cos(x-4)=0.3535 .008(x-30°)=0.3525

where 4-tanTM (~2)=30°

-69o18

90°42

2sinx=1÷cOSX

cosx 2sinx - 1

sinx

320 42

COSACOSX-ginesinx-

-0.4472.

*.cos(x+63°26')=-0.447′-

where 6-tan

-1

#116°54' 243 26

180

(Ans.)

(a)sin3x-sin4x+sin5x=0

sin5x+sin5x-sin4x=0°

2sin(3x+5x).

cos(2X-2X)—sin4x=U 2sinkxcos(-1)-sï¤4x~¤

sin4x(2cosx-1)=0

.sin4x=0

⇒x=0, 360°, 720

1080

90

1440

180

270°, 360°

or cosx=1

⇒x=60°, 300°

60°.

180o.

270°, 300, 360°

(Ane.)

(b)cosx+cos2x+c083x=0

(cosx+cos3x)+cos3x=0

2cos2xcosx+cos2x=0

cos2x(2cosx+1)=0

⇒2x=90°, 270°

**45 135

or cosx=3

⇒x=120° or 240

240

3tanx 4+2secx 3sinx

2

cosx

COSX

sinx-4cosx+2

4cosx-3sinx=-

cosx-sinx

cosucosx-sin@sinx=-0.

where tan 1(2)=56°52

cos(9+x)=-0.4

e.cos(36 52 +x)==0) .30°52 +x=113°35

or 246 25.

6°43′ or 209°33' (Ans.

120, 13

(Ans.)

(c)cosx-sin2x+cos3x

-sin4x=0

(cosx+cos3x) –

(sín2x+sin4x)=0

2cos2xcosx-

28in3xcosx=0

cosx(cos2x sin3x) 0 cosxe0

x=90°

or 270°

or co82x=ginɔ̃x

e, sin(90° –

18o

90o

270°

(Ans.)