1983-10-16 — Page 23

thought that this would frighten off other powers from

育敎僑華真三第張六第二日一十月九年亥癸曆夏

1984

中學會考試題預習專欄

(四)

歷史

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HISTORY (4)

Philip YL. Voo

MILL & DALE. PRESS: LŢI

Last time we discussed

the major international

crises that nearly led to wars between the European great powers. You would notice that

some of these crises occurred in Africa and some in the Balkan Peninsula. The reason, why we have to learn about these crises is that while peace was maintained every time, it could not be main- tained in the summer of 1914. In this issue vou will learn how an assas- sination in a country in the balkans created an international crisis similar to those that occurred before. The difference was that this time the great powers were drawn into a war against each other the First World War. EVENTS LEADING TO THE OUTBREAK OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR IN 1914

1. Assassination of.

Archduke Ferdinand of Austria - In late. June 1914, Archduke Ferdinand, an

Austrian prince, went to Busuia in the Balkans (see MAP and wag

MRP 1

Britgin

Russia

Germany

Austria

France

AFRICA

AUSTRIA

Bosnia Serbia

Block

Sea

BALKAN PENINSULA

Mediterranean Sea

assassinated there (in the capital of Bosnia called Sarajevo). Bosnia bad been annexed by Austria since 1908. Serbia was an Independent country. Austria thought that Serbia planned the assassination. In fact, Serbia did not plan it. Nevertheless, Austria wanted to use this chance to teach Serbia a lesson. The. reason was that the relations between Austria and Serbia had not been good. the early 1900s, for. example, Austria conducted a "pig war" St Serbia by

the import of

Serbian pigs..

2. German support for.

Germany was

Austria

ruled by Kaiser William IT. He was military man and

liked military ventures. By 1914, Austria was Germany1 only reliable ally fi.e. the Dual Alliance of 1879). uther powers, Britain, France and Russia, were allied to each other against Germany and Austria. So Germany thought that she must stand by Austria in this

crisis. Genmany gave: unconditional support. to Austria. Villiam II

helping Serbia, fut,

would not lead to war (see P2.

MAP 2

Germany

Austrian ultimatum to Serbia: – Austria was encouraged by Germany's support to make wir on Serbia.. She sent an ultimatum to Serbia, An ultimatum was an official warning. If Serbia did not accept

the

othe ultimatum, then. Austria would declare war on Serbia. Austria really declared war on Serbia when Serbia refused to accept all the terms. The time was late July 1914. (see MAP 2);

Russia preparing for war - Russia did not want the Balkans to be under Austrian and German influence. Britain and France were Russia's allies, so Russia prepared for war (by fully mobilizing her armed forces). A full mobilization did not necessarily mean war but it made a peace- ful settlement more. difficult to reach. Austria and Germany became very much alarmed. (see MAP

MAP 3

Russlo

Germany

mobilizing

arted forces

Germany "making war on both Russia and France Before 1914, Germany had worked out a military plan.. In a war with Russia and France, Germany planned to defeati France first and then turn east to fight Russia. Let us

remember that France was. Russia's ally, and in a general war France would ( (Germany thought) support Russia Russia was backward and could mobilize her forces only slowly. So Germany. calculated that she could deal with France first, However, now that Russia had mobilized her forces, G

Germany believed she must act quickly before. Russia could prepare for war further. Otherwise the plan. would be useless. Therefore Germany declared war on both. France and· Russia (see MAP 4)

MAP 4

Russic

Britain's entry into war The neutrality

of Belgium was very important to Britain Because any power could

easily invade. Britain from a buse în Belgiuri. To attack France quickly, Germany must go through" belgium, as the border between Germany and France

was heavily defended.

Thus when Germany

astacked Belgium (so

WAK KIU YAT PO

as to attack France quickly), Britain declared war on

Germany. All European

great power except Italy were in the war in this way. (see MAP 5)

MAR 5

Britain

Belgium

Germany

neutrality of Belgium violated by Germany. Bultain entering war.

CAUSES UP THE FIEST

HEN "WAR (1914-1918) The causes of the First World War (1914–1918) were of 2 kinds: underlying and immediate

1. Immediate causes

you have just now

learn thạy the great powers (Germany, Austria, Britain, France, and Russia): each took some steps in the summer of 1914. In the end these steps led up to the outbreak of world war. So each

of the great shared some RESPONSIBILITIES: for causing the war, By immediate causes"

we mean these "respon- ssibilities"

2. Under luing causes

Historians think that the

great powers

took the steps because they were influenced by

"

some

long-term histori ical forces before 1914,

“such as-milita- rism, nationalism, colonialism and so on. The Alliance. System was one such long-term force. These forces affected the great powers alike, though in different legree In trying to give deeper explanations for the First World Var, historians look at the conditions of Europe before 1914. These long-term historical forces and conditions were the underlying causes" 3.A two-way analysis

The "immediate causes" and underlying causes" of the First World War were

related:

Question:

"Did war break out suddenly as an accident in 1914 ** Answer:

"No, Tong before 1914, some "underlying forces and conditions already made the relations between the great powers very bad, so that a minor incident like the assassination T Sarajevo in 1914 led to a world war. Question:

"Were the forces and conditions before 1914 alone sufficient to lead to a world war?" Answer:..

"No, these forces and conditions made war likely but not absolutely unavoidable. Otherwise a world war would have broken out before 1914..

in each or major international crises."

Question:

the

"Why, did not a world war break out in 1913, 1912 or 19112 Answer:

Because the underlying causes alone could not Tead to a world war. Question:

"Why was there a world war in 1914 then?" Answer:

"Because both immediate causes and underlying causes were at work "

SAF

報日僑華

TCONOMICS (4)

K.k. Wong & L.T. Chai

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

Division of labour Introduction.

日六十月十年三八九一圈公年二十七國民華中

日期星

Labour

Human being are interdependent because we cannot live without The help of other members in the commu mity. Me all special-

ize in some sort of job in the society in order to

produce some useful commodities or services. In other ̈ words, we cannot produce all the guods. and services we need. for our survival. We can only participate. in part of the produc- tion activities and exchange with others

Therefore, specialization is essential.

For the same token, in modern economy, the production operation are so complex that tire is an increasing. use of capital în production and Che adoption of bass production system, Usually the production activities are divided into different processes and sub- processes in which every process is assigned to particular group of worders or individuals. There- fore, only a small part of the work is undertaken by one person or a group each of whom specializes in a single process.

By the same wa because of the existence of inter-

navional trade system, different commodities. are produced by -different countries,

depending upon climate, oil, availability of raw materials and labour, It is also said to be a kind of specializa- tion into different countries.

Definition of division

of labour

Tua narrower sense, division of

se, di labour means that the manufacturing process is broken down into a series of separate activities, each of which is performed by a separate operation carried out by particular person or particular group of workers.

in a broader sense division of labouTM. means the separation

of production into different stages aud occupations, which are carried out by different firus in manufacturing industries such as the spinning sector, weaving sector, knitting sector, finishing sector and garment making sector.

In the broadest sense; division of Tabour may refer to international division of labour.

which is the origin of international

countryN specializes in manufacturing some products and exchanges it with the other countries through. international markets. Consequently, cach

A It means thət

country would obtain. comparative advantages from the exchange behavior.

明德出版社 13****›. Aims of division of

陳勵德R

The main aid of division of labour system, is to increase output. In other words, it can. Increas the productivity by making full use of productive resources including labour. Hand, machinery and equipment so as to increasË the quantity

·to⋅ of the products and improve the quality of products. As a result, through the division of labour, production becomes more efficient and effective.

Types of division of

Labour: Simple

Tabour

division of

It refers to the specialization of one trade and industry by a particular specialist or firm or manufac- turing unit. For instance, in the economy there is natural division of producti

on performed

by various firms and people such as engineers, bakers, shoemakers and carpanters, etc.

Complex division of labour.

It refers to the specialization of more detailed proces or sub-process by particular firm or production unit. It

is the further division of work into particular aspect of a special trade. Usually, the produc- tion processes are more complex. The breaking down of production process car manufacturing. is an example,

C. International division

of labour:

It refers to the specialization of particular trade industry by the country special

Since modern teelinology has

developed speciali- zation so that the geographical specialization becomes passible. For example each country would specialize in one product which is world. famous. Scotch whisky, and Swiss watches are deaanded everywhere:

5. Advantages of division

of labour.

A. increased out output, B. great skills of the

workers because of Practicing

C. a saving of time by

keeping to single process,

D.

take full use of mchinery and equipment,

E. provide more employ-

ment opportunities. specialists,

7.

stasize the

quality of the products,

G. the workers would

became less fatigue: by maintaining the same pace in division

of labour system,

I reduced cost of

production

I. Por international”

specialization of Fabour, each country can fully utilize its productive resources

and, there are greater

comparative advantage over them

附加數

(5)

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ADDITIONAL MATİHEMATIČ

D

S.F. KO

MILL & DALE PRESS

Solutions to Exercise 2

1.

xax+b=0

Since the roots are two consecutive

integers, then they are x, x+1

sum of roots=<+(x+1)

_-(-a).

of roots={{

(a−1)(a+1)

2. Let

9-5x x

-4b+1

(Aus)

kx2 - (5x+1)x+9k=0 Since this equation has real roots, we have,

− (5k** *0k+1<z__??) 20

25k

2

11k -10k-1 (11k+1)(k-1) ≤ 0

sk 1

the expression must

Jie between

and

ax-e

2

k+1

k-1

x-bx

-bx) (k+1).

—(ax-c) (k-1)=0

(k+1)x -(ak+hk=a+b)x

+ck-c=0

Let one root be

then the other root is -X, Bo that sum

of roots

px qy px+qy=1 From (2). 1-px

px +

Ak+bk-a+b

·k+1 ak+bk-a+b k+1

4

(1):

q

1-2px+p

2.2

-q=0⋅

Ans

pqx +1-2px

(p2+pq)x2¬2px+(1−q)=0

The roots of this equation will be" equal if

(−2p)^-4(p2+pq) (1−q)=0

242 4p -4(p −p q+pq=pq^)=0 4pq(p=1+q=0 pq(p+q=1jSU

1.e. if p+q=1

(ans.)

(b−c)x +(C−a)x+(a¬b}=0 For real roots, we must have,

(c-a)2-4 (b−c) (a−b)

22

2

icʻsa -2ac-4ab+4b^+4ac.

-4bc

=(a+c)=-4b(a+c)+4b2

-(a+c-2b)- which is

always positive zero.

the roots of the given equation are real.

(Ans.)

2.

Since ax 42bx+c=0 has real roots,

‚ (2b)2=4(a)(c)

.e. b-ne 2.0.

0

.(1)

Now, ax+2mbx+nc=0 Tor real roots, w must have

-(2mb)=-4(a)(vc)

2, 2 =4(m′′b-nac) > 0

because given that

n > 0 and by

m

(1) b′′-ac > 0.

+2abx+oc=0 has

roots. (Ans.).

real