育教僑華頁三第張七第日三廿月八年亥癸室
1984
The temperatures of a coastal city as
Tokyo can also be
affected by warm and
cold ocean currents
such as the Kuro Shio
and Uya Shio, so temperatures are
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GEOGRAPHY (9)
Y.Y. Lee
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the
not
b.
SO extreme as those
ISOTHERMA OF AN CONTINENT
Questions for Revision;
OCEAN
The figure below shows
the temperatures, of three cities and their. locations. Discuss the
various factors giving rise to the
differences in their temperatures.
CITIES Jan. Jul. T. Tokyo 5.0°C
25.0°c
Lanzhou0.5°C 28.3°C Fuzhou 11.6°c 27.9°c
Langhoul:
Suggested Answers:
-HIGHTE
LAND
LATITUDE
DEAN
I LOW.
LATITUDE
Winter Isotherm.
Summer Isotherm Above is a generalized pattern of distribution for summer and winter isotherms as they may appear on a hypothetical continent in the Norther
Jemisphere.
Describe the
characteristics of summer and winter temperatures as shown by the pattern.
b.Account for such
distribution. pattern
Suggested Answers:
a
FACTORS GIVING RISE TO.
1.
DIFFERENCES IN
TEMPERATURES:
A) Latitude:
Fuzhou is warmer. than Tokyo and Lanzhou in winter and hotter. than they in summer. It is because they are located at different latitudes, Fuzhou, be heing located at a lower latitude. thán the other two cities, Is fretell wore cu intensively be the sun în both seasons. The
which fall sun's rays, on Fuzhou at a larger angle, bring more heat
area.
travelled through a shorter distance in the atmosphere and spread over a smaller
The other; two cities, on the other are located at higher latitudes, so the sun's rays fall more obliquely and less heut can be absorbed,
B) Distance from sea
Temperatures of Tokyo and Lanzhou are not the same although they are located at the same latitude. Tokyo is warmer in : winter and cooler in subinier than Lanzhou. It is because air. temperature of a place can also be affected by its distance from: sea Tokyo is located along the coast. Since water surface heats up more slowly than sea in summer, it is cooler than the land. surface. If there is unshore wind, coop effect can be felt at. coastal city as in Tokyo. While Lanzhou, on the other hand, experiences more extreme temperature because of its interior position. In winter, the heat of water body is lost more slowly than land, Su there is warming. effect brought along by the onshore win and affects Tokyo. But for Lanzhou the warming effect cannot be felt and because land loses heat more.
rapidly, it is much colder than Tokyo. C) Ocean current
Characteristics Comparison beweer the coast and
interior
The isotherms, though in general run east-west, do not? follow the parallels exactly. In winter, iso the rms bend strongly equatorward, which means that temperatures along the coasts are warmer than those of the interior. In summer, the reverse is true Isotherms bend strongly polevard, indicating that the coasts are much cooler than the interior. (Fig. 1)
Fig. 1(a)
-
CHARACTERISTICS OF
WINTER ISOTHERMS
LAND
10°C.
-100
0 c
(A. & are Warmer
than B in winter) Fig 2(b)
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SUMMER ISOTUTÄMS
LAND
8
20 c
Summer T A: 10°C B 30°C
(A & C are cooler
than Bin
summer
2) Comparison between
the West and East. Coasts
1) The iso
isotherms strike the western coast
much higher. at a latitude than the
east
-winter Lemperatures along. the western coast are warmer than the east.
is
(FIF. 1(a),
warmer than C)
ii)The summer
isotherms skew; to the west-summer
temperatures on the western coast are cooler than the east. (Fig. 1(b), A is cooler than C).
Reasons
Reasons for the
more ex trene temperatures in the interior:-
The coastal
regions experience. warmer winter temperatures and
cooler summer
temperatures since they can be modified by the ocean. Water codies are always warmer in winter and cooler in summer since they warm and cool more slowly than do land areas. There are three primary reasons for the contrasts in land and water temperatures: i) Water is nobile and experiences both vertical and.......... horizontal noveneuts which distribute he at energy absorbed at the surface throughout its mass, whereas insulation is absorbed by land only at the surface and is transmitted downward slowly by conduction. 1)The specific heat
of water is higher than that of land. That is, 6 given mass of water requires more heat energy to raise its temperature 1 thận does an equal mass of dry land. Consequently, the
same amount of insolation will produce ali gher temperature on a land surface than on a water surface. Conversely, in cooling, water will.. have to lose a greater amount of heat than will land to produce
the same drop in temperature.
The general effect of the contrast in heating of land and water areus is to produce colder winters and hotter
summers in the centre
of continents than
along coasts and over oceans. Coastal or
marine climates tend
to be moderate,
experiencing no great
extremes in either
daily or annual
temperature change. Reasons for the more favourable climate of the western coast
cooler
The western coast of a
continent always experiences a more climate, with a summer and warmer. winter than the east. It is primarily due. to the effect of ocean current, of which the effect is made more signigicant by the oushore prevailing winds.
Through the horizontal transport of ocean water in the form of currents and drifts, heat is. carried from one part. of the earth to another. As all of us know that an ocean current travelling Lowards a pole will warm air which passes over it, producing air temperatures higher. than that would normally be expected: for the latitude. However, it should be noted that neither
oceans currents can have: their maximum effect upon Lemperature unless the prevailing
1107
ocean.
$1815
winds blow from water to the Tand,
Prevailing wind
direction and the
movements of air masses have A direct influence upon the average temperature of an area. Below is a simplified diagram showing the flow of ocean currents and direction of⠀ prevailing wind (Pig. 2):
OCEAN CURRENTS AND PREVAILING WINDS
·LAND
OCEAN
LAND
Westerlies
N.E. Trades
SE Trades
Warm Ocean Current Cold Ocean Current. Prevailing Winds
四期星
From the above
that diagram, we can see winter temperatures of the Western coast, especially in higher latitudes, can be raised by the warm ocean current, of which warm air is brought to the land by onshore westerlies. In the northern part of the
cold eastern coast, ocean current is: following along, so temperature is lower,
the In summer, southern part of the castern coast is much hotter than in corresponding latitude on west side of the continent since the
warm air above the warm water is brought
landward by the onshore
NE trades.
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T.C Rebetro
(Foundation Press)
Dear Students,
Today's column is designed to give. you practice in the comprehension questions in the HKCEE. There is no better way to help you cope with this kind of language test than to do some exercises set along the same track;
Read this passage and then answer questions 110.
日九廿月九年三八九一屦公年二十七國民華中 mally asked to teach the upper forms. Althe present time, there would appear to be a particular need for graduates capable of leaching English language, biological science and mathematics, but there are normally opportunities in secondary schools for graduates well- qualified in all the school subjects, such as history, geography, chemistry, eco. nomic and public affairs, etc.
dated houses often have damp walls, rotting floor-boards and broken windows which make winter squatting a most unhealthy proposition. Squatters can be accused of vagrancy, a criminal offence: applied to people who have no posses- sions and no permanent home, So they naturally try to make their new homes' as habitable as possible often by buying second-hand cookers, heaters, crockery and other household goods at street
markets.
Despite the legal grounds for squatting in Britain, the owners of buildings often try to evict the squatters or call in the police. It's strange that a house can stand empty for several years and no one cares about it. Then when people move in and make proper use of the house, the owner suddenly sits up
and takes notice!
According to the first paragraph people in Britain..
A can squat in any house.
B can squat only with the agree
ment of the landlord
C can squat in vacant houses without the agreement of the landlord.
can squat in any house after making protests to the govern ment:
The first paragraph tells us that in Britain..
A. the law is perfect.
B. housing is insufficient.
C. there are no vacant. houses. D. the landlord can easily evict
squatters.
Paragraph 2 tells us that squatters
A. always carry tools in their
sleeves.
have clever ideas to get out of difficulty.
break the law.
use force to get out of dif ficulty.
Squatters in Britain are often
technicians.
A
B. carpenters.
C. electricians.
D.
uncomfortable residents.
Dilapidated houses are
A. very old houses,"
houses not kept in good condi tion.
C. damp houses,
D. uncomfortable houses.
Squatters make their homes suitable to live in because
A. the law requires it.
B. they don't want to wander in
the streets.
C. winter is very cold. D. they can own them.
From paragraph 3; we learn that the squatters.
A. are hated by their neighbours. B get help from their neighbours borrow cooking utensils from
their neighbours.
are considered unhealthy peo-
ple by their neighbours.
Owners of buildings in Britain evict squatters....
A. because the law
squatters.
against
B.even though the law is in favour
of squatters.
because they can afford the expenses of going to court.. because they want to leave the buildings empty.
The word 'loopholes' suggests that
A. the law. need to be revised. Bthe law is too harsh.
the law has inexact wordings. D.the law is too lenient.
10. In the last paragraph, the author
A. does not approve of the action
of the owners.
B. approves of the action of the
C
owners.
discusses the action of the.
owners.
In many towns and cities in Britain, groups of people, either homeless fami lies or young people making their protest about inadequate housing programmes, enter vacant houses and squat there, They can do this without the agreement of the landlords because of certain loop- holes in the law. In 1831 it was made legal to enter empty property and use it without paying rent if only peaceful means of entry are used and no damage is done to the building. The land-lord with the prospect of increasing
can only evict squatters by obtaining a special order from the court. This can be expensive and time-consuming for the landlord.
Squatters in Britain have several tricks up their sleeves to deal with technicalities of the law. If a house is boarded up or its doors securely locked, then they may have to break in-per-: haps by beating down a door. If they take carpenter's tools with them they can immediately repair the damage and say that the door was already open!
The Gas and Electricity Boards must provide service, but squatting can still be very uncomfortable. There may be no water supply so they have to borrow bucketfuls of water from neigh- bours and even use their toilets. Dilapi-
argues against the action of the owners.
Read this passage and then answer ques- tions 11 20:
provision for secondary education in Hong Kong over, the next few years, it would seem likely that there will be many job opportunities for graduates who wish to take up teaching as a career. Although most of the posts available" will appeal to graduates in the arts and- sciences, the expansion of technical education and the ever-increasing general need for teachers of mathematics and physics are factors likely also to provide opportunities for some graduates in engineering subjects who feel that a career in teaching might appeal to them. Graduates capable of teaching various combination of all the usual academic subjects in secondary schools are required to fill vacancies which occur every year, where they are nor
..
The expansion of educational op. portunities at all levels is creating a need for more educational administrators school-counsellors and educational psy chologists, and more graduates with special skills, Additional work in many of these specialized areas of education can only be obtained after further post- graduate study abroad. Certain scholar ships and assistance programmes are available for this purpose. Some higher professional education and more special- ized study are also available in Hong: Kong University through the M.Phil. in Education and certain special courses conducted by the University School of Education from time to time:
At the present time, it is possible for graduates to enter upon a career in teaching without any further profes sional qualification although the better. schools in Hong Kong are now all giving increasing recognition to the need for their teachers to have a professional qualification. There is no doubt that it will become increasingly difficult for teachers to secure good posts, including those
in Government schools unless they have been professionally trained. More seriously, they may not expect promotion unless qualified in education. 11. According to the first paragraph,
over the next few years there will be greater opportunities for A university students..
B: university students in mathe-
matics.
C. university students in engineer-
ing subjects..
D. university students who want
to teach
12. The expansion of secondary educa
tion in Hong Kong will most benefit university students..
in engineering subjects.
A.
B.
in arts..
C. in physics.
D. in technical education.
13. Graduates
teach.
A. English.
are
Usually asked
B. biological science.
C... upper forms.
D: history.
14. Additional work in all specialized areas of education is available
A. only abroad.
B. in Hong Kong.
C. in both Hong Kong and abroad: D. none of the above.
15. There is a greater need for
A graduates in history...
B. graduates in geography.
C. well-qualified graduates
chemistry.
.D. school counsellors.
16. Paragraph 3 tells us that scholar-
ships are available for... A postgraduate study
in all specialized areas of education. B. postgraduate study in all specialized areas of education. abroad.
some:
C. postgraduate study in
specialized areas of education in Hong Kong...
D. postgraduate study in some specialized areas of education abroad..
17. In the future graduates without
professional qualification
A. cannot teach in better schools. B. cannot be promoted.
C. have no chance to teach in
Government schools.
D have little chance to be pro-
moted.
18. M.Phil. is
A a specialized programme in
education
B. a postgraduate degree in educa-
tion:
Ca postgraduate degree. D. a programme offered by the University School of Education.
19. According to the passage
A less graduates will go into
teaching.
B. there will be more professional-
ly framed teachers.......
C. there will be more scholarships for professional education.
20. Paragraph 1 tells us that there will always be more needs for teachers
A. in arts subjects.
B. in arts and science subjects. C. in technical education. D. in physics.
Answers
2. B 1. C 6. A 7 B 11. D 12. B 16. D 17: D
3. B 4. D 5. B 8. B 9. C 10. D 13, C 14. D 15, D 18. C 19, B 20. D
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