1983-08-08 — Page 15

育教聞港 頁三第張四第

日十三月六年癸曆夏

WAH KIU YAT PO

1983

中學會考試題預習專欄

歷史

明德出版社提供資料

SUGGESTED ANINDAS

HISTORY (4)

trace the develop- ment of the Chinese Communist Party from 1921 to 1949. This question is rather general. Consider the. period covered and everything that the CCP (Chinese Communist Party) experienced during it. So it is important to be concise and to-the-point.

If you remember, the official syllabus puts emphasis on the

relations between the KMT (Kuomintang) and the CCP from 1921 to 1949. So when answering this question, it is advisa- ble to discuss in greater details when you come to the relations between the two parties, This means that although significant things happened within the CCP during the period, they are not as important as far as this question is concerned. To give you an example, during the Long March (1934-45), meeting was held by the CCP at Tsunyi of Kweichow, and conse quently Mao Tse-tung became the most important leader. You could mention this if

you know but I don't think you will score

high marks even if you discuss it in detail. Similarly, the CCP

organized a Rectifica-

tion Movement in 1942-43 at Yenan for strengthen- ing party unity and discupline as well as tightening Mao Tse-

tung's personal control over the Chinese

Communist Movement. But you may as well neglect to mention this, wi

The following are some materials that you may use for inclusion in your essay:

The May Fourth Movement created a radical intellectual atmosphere, under which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded in 1921. The

social-political ideals

and anti-capitalist nature of Communi sm attracted many radical Chinese intellectuals. The Communist emphasis. on practical social- economic problems seemed suitable and applicable to Chinese conditions, Besides, the First World War seemed to illustrate

the selfish material

culture of Western capitalism, while the Bolshevik success in Russia in 1917 meant great Communist victory in action. All these. factors contributed to the acceptance of Communism by some Chinese intellectuals.

In the 1920s. internal political disunity and external Japanese ag- gressive expansion

provided the KMT and the

CCP with a common ground for co-operation, In

享年愛

回六十三第年三八九一行印報日僑華 史歷久悠有 值價考叁有

****

424

̇囘六十三年

報日僑

working for a Communist revolution the CCP understood its own weak- ness and the importance of allying with the KMT. Because of Soviet in- sistence, even those CCP members who opposed the idea of coalition gave way. Thus in 1923, the KMT and the CCP formally entered into a coalition: The KMT enjoyed greater leadership than the CCP, whose members joined the KMT as individual members.

From 1925 to 1926, Soviet Russia and the CCP actively helped the

KMT in party réorgani→ zation, military reform, economic modernization: and social mobilization. On the route of the Northern Expedition (1926-28), Chiang Kai- shek (who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the most important leader of the KMT in 1925) purged the Communists, attacked peasant and labour organizations, and allied with conservative forces such as landlords and warlords. The First КМТ-ССР Coalition came to an end in this way.

After the break with the KMT, the CCP experi- mented with different policies of expansion after 1928. First, it attempted violent up- risings, but all ended in failure. The attempt- ed promotion of labour movements in the cïties was equally unsuccessful, and the advocacy of con- tinued alliance with the middle-class like the

四嫩

獎

計

準正黃

【夫推路

KMT was evidently un- realistic and hopeless. Only Mao Tse-tung's ⠀ policy of organizing. the peasants ana establishing Communist territorial bases systematically was workable. In so doing Mao was not following Communist doctrines strictly; he was changing them to suit China's particular con- ditions..

Through effective organization and propaganda, every village that the Communists controlled was turned into a fighting base. A guerrilla military

strategy was employed The purpose was to systematically build up and enlarge strong territorial bases. ina prolonged armed struggle with the KMT

Inc1934-34, the KMT organized a series of extermination campaigns against the CCP. The Communists had a number of bases in Kiangsi. However, by late 19347 they could not be held against the KMT. Breaking through the KMT's siege, the Communists began the Long March (1934–35) north-westward to Yenan in Shenai

In 1936, Chiang Kai-shek tried to destroy the Communiste in Yenan once and for all. However, there occurred the Sian Incident in late 1936, when Chiang was

期星

日八月八年三八九一圈公年二十七國民華中

Kidnapped by a former warlord and was forced to agree to an alliance with tire CCP against- Japanese aggression. Thus the Second KMT-CCP Coalition (1936-45).

In Yenan of Northern Shensi, no longer militarily hard-pressed by the KMT, the Communists continued with their moderate policies that aimed at making use of the strong. "Chinese nationalism in

the promotion of Communism. Thus landlords remained unpurged, and only moderate social reform rather than violent social revolution was carried out. Meanwhile, opportunities were given to the people to par- ticipate in politics through Communist- sponsored social organi- zation. In this way, Communist ideas were spread among the politicized masses, who in general supported the CCP. This primarily

explained the success of the Communists in penetrating and estab- lishing power in many of North China's villages which were only nominally occupied by Japan

Despite the KMT-CCP Coalition, there was in fact practically no cooperation between them. The IT even directed many of its troops to blockade the Communist-held areas.

Tn the last years of the war, both the KMT and the CCP preserved their military strength for

the expected renewal of civil war after Japan's surrender.

In 1945-46, the US tried to mediate in the KMT-CCP conflict. The lack of both faith and sincerity between the two parties made it certain that any

negotiation would fail The resultant civil war at first went badly for the CCP, but finally ended in total Communist victory by 1949.

The Communist takeover was

fundamentally the result of a social revolution. The Communists went into the village, mixed with the neasants and organized strong bases in a long but steady build-up of power. Both the appeal of nationalism and the

moderate social policies by the CCP worked effectively. In the end, the systematic Communist expansion in China's large countryside. swallowed the isolated KMT-held cities. China. was in this way turned red. The KMT's- unsuccessful military tactics and its loss of American support only speeded up the Communist victory of 1949.

(TO BE CONTINUED)

靑

1983-

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(4)

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