1983-07-28 — Page 26

真二第張七第日九十月六年亥癸歷夏 WAH KIU YAT PO

-1983

中學會考試題預習專欄

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明德出版社提供資料

SUGGESTED ANSWERC

History (2)

In what ways did the following helped

Japan to modernize

herself during the Meiji period:

(a) the abolition

of feudalism (b) attempts to

learn from the West

This question is a bit difficult to under- -stand. We all know that from 1868 to 1912 a lot of changes occurred in Japan, which historians called "modernization" This

modernization process had its

political, economic,

military and educational aspects. Before the

Meiji state (the

Japanese government) could carry out the se⠀⠀ modernization meas

measures,

it must strengthen itself first. So it: abolished feudalism (a product of the Tokugawa shogunate before the establishment of the Meiji state in 1868). The first part of the question asks you to discuss how the

abolition of feudalism helped in Japan's

modernization. This

means that (1) a know-

ledge of the different

measures to abolish feudalism is necessary (2) you must try to

point out the ways how these measures facili-

tated modernization.

to

What are "attempts

learn from the West!?

This clearly refers to

the different education-

al reforms carried out in the Meiji period. Suppose you were one of the Meiji leaders and you wanted to set up modern industries, produce weapons and warships, and make the government more effi- cient and modern in': organization. Obviously you would need people. with modern knowledge: In Meiji times, modern knowledge referred to Western knowledge. In other words educational reforms helped Meiji Japan to develop industries, military matters, and government organization. Again you should know the dif ferent educational re- forms but the most im- portant thing is to point out how the se reforms helped Japan to develop other modern- ization aspects.

Note the following:

A. Abolition of

feudalism

Political

In 1871,

the Meiji government announced the abolition of feudal- ism as a form of government. Clan governments and clan armies were ordered

to dismiss. Whereas these clans had been

politically

sutonomous, the

Central Government

郭日僑華

now divided Japan

into 75 prefectures

governed by central- ly appointed

officals.

b. Social - With the...

breakup of feudal governments, the old ruling class the daimyo and samurai no longer ruled the land. By way of compensation, the daimyo were

given one-tenth of their clans' origin- al income while the samurai were promis- ed that their stipends (salary), though somewhat reduced, would con- tinue. Also, efforts were made to help. the samurai become useful modern citizens, so that they would not cause. trouble. They were: given permission to enter other occupa- tions like farming and commerce. The government created employment for them and lent them money to go into business. The Meiji police force, for example, consisted almost entirely of samurai members. In 1876, the government changed the yearly allowance for daimyo and samurai înto á lump sum paid once and for all, Mean—” while, other social feudal systems were alao abolished. For example, class dis- tinctions were

removed. The

samurai

lost their special

legal privileges and

·招收班級及課程

四期星

their right of wear- ing swords. The

commonera were given family nabies.

Effect

*Freed from the

financial burden of. supporting the old. ruling class, the Meiji government was financially. better able to carry out modern- ization.

*National unity was strengthened when

feudal clans

abolished, "ere

samurai who had been loyal only to their lords, began extending their loyalty to the nation The Meiji government could therefore effec- tively rule over the whole country. and was in a better position to modern- ize Japan. *The liberation of

the people from feudal restrictions and the abolition of the samurai

-for

class created a large, mobile. labour force f industrialization. *The removal of

clans facilitated. internal trade and led to the emer- gence of a national. market for indus- trial and commer cial expansion. *The lump sum pay-

ments to the diamyo

and samurai formed

a source of capital for investments in new industries. In

particular, the

日八廿月七年三八九一曆公年二十七國民華中育教僑離

former daimyo

became big finan- eiers, investing their wealth in banks, stocks and industries. A modern wealthy middle-class began. to emerge. *But because the

samurai's social position was abolished, discon- tent among the samurai class grew,

How "attempts to learn form the West" helped in modernization. 1. Greater social and

national unity

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Chinese

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· SCIENCE CLASS

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·English

But owing to modern- ized education, Meijî Japan had achieved a high degree of homogeneity (unifo ity) of thought. Conflicts between soical classes were therefore minimized. Brought up by the same kind of educa- tion, both government officials and

citizeni shared common ideas and were equally nationalistic.

Communicatione

between the govern ment and the people were made easier. Government admin- istration was more efficient.

Increased social literacy

At the same time, because of the

atten of

educa

the rate.

of social literacy was raised. More. people knew how to read and write. In 1912, the Japanese government claimed

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ARTS CLASS

Use of English

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Chinese History

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COMMERCIAL CLASS

· Use of English Economics

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SOCIAL

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F6 OVERSEAS STUDIES CLASS WEE 中大人學預備班(即重讀班)

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報名日期:由即日起,額滿即止。 凡中五及預科生均由本校保送參加會考及其他所有公開考試。特别Pitmen秘書全科証。 本校加拿大自屬預科畫院準備在一九八四年中開始招收港澳及東南亞學生。

that 95% of its

population was at-

tending school.

However, literacy was in fact by no means "nationwide; a

survey of 22 factories in 1892 showed that about 1/3 of the workers had received no education at alli Yet there can be little doubt that there were more literate citizens.

Contribution te successful modernization There were more technicians, and skilled workers te carry out industri- alization. Also, many of Modern Japan's political leaders had studied in the Tokyo Imperial University.

Greater political consciousness among the people and greater social mobility in society. Socially, national education increased the political cons-an ciouaness of the

The people to demand more. political rights. Social movements such as trade union? movements and student movements began to grow. On the other hand, greater social mobility was chic achieved. More: people could move from low social positions to high

social positions, or vice versa.

(TO BE CONTINUBI))

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