1983-04-17 — Page 16

真四第張四第 日五初月三年亥癸夏 WAH KIU YAT PO

1983

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HISTORY (30)

Philip Y. E. Woo

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD,

Describe Japan's

activities in East Asia during the First World War. How did China and the great povers react to such activities?

The East Asian internation order. peaceful and stable: before the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 In that year, however, because of the war which occupied the attention of the

European great powers, Japan serized the opportunity to advance. her interests in the East Asian region. First, she entered war

on the side of the Allies (Britain, France and Russia) against the Central powers (Germany and Austria), and made use of the excuse to seize Kiaochow in Shantung of China fron German hands. The

British were of course displeased, but since they were preoccupied with war in Europe, they could not put up any effective opposition. Britain needed Japan's cooperation as long as the First World War was on. Besides, when asked by Britain about the intention, Japan replied that Fiaochow would be returned to China after the war. By late 1914, all the former German rights and leases in Shantung had fallen into Japanese hands. It could be expected that China could not oppose sucli a Japanese seizure. At the same time, the Japanese navy turned to the South Pacific and occupied the German island colonies there, such as the Marshall and the Yap.

The reasons for Japan's doing so were long-term. Many Japanese businessmen, politicians and militarists bad for long advocated a stronger foreign policy (which ran against the traditional policy of co-operation with the Western powers in the game of imperialism).·' This younger generation of Japanese were rising. În influence in disobedience to the genro ("elders", aged Meiji leaders), who favoured continuation of the traditinal policy

In China, Japan's position was declining: Politically, Yuan Shih-k'ai was unco- operative with ɗapan but was pro-Westeri, or more exactly, pro-British. Secondly, economic competition and rivalry threatened Japan's interests in Manchuria, especially as Japan did not have the superior economic power to compete successfully with the West, Many Japanese ultra-

nationalists favoured a more forceful attitude

toward China; the Black

Dragon Society, for

instance, argued for the

demand of far-reaching concessions to be made to China. This formed the the background to presentation of the 21 Demands to Yuan

shih-kai by Japan in 1915, only a few months after the seizure of Kinochow.

Yuan's reaction to the Demands was a mixed one. On the one hand, if he accepted the Demands, he would receive Japanese support for his attempt at restoring a monarchy, which he wanted. Un the other hand, however, he knew how treacherous it was if he were to do so.

Realizing that China elone was too weak to resist Japan, Yuan turned to the other great powers, especially the US, for assistance. He deliberately delayed the negotiation for the Demands, while revealing them bit by bit to the West. The reaction of

the US and Britain was one of general

opposition and protest, But because of the First World War, they decided not to intervene to check Japan. As for France and Russia, no objection was made, since they wanted to win Japanese friendship and draw Japan into more active war-effort. against Germany and Austria France even advised China to accept the Demands.

without foreign aid,

Chine bad no other alternative but to accept the 21 Demands. Accordingly, all German rights in Shantung were transferred to Japan;. the Japanese Jeuses in South Manchuria (Port Arthur and Dairen) were extended to 99 years; control over the Hanyehp'ing Company was given to Japan; and China promised that ports and islands, along the China coast would not be ceded to other countries.

Hut Japan feared that all these privileges might be lost once the war ended and Western opposition revived. Thus she made agreements, with the western powers and even China as safeguarde. Firstly, an alliance was made with Russia in 1916 Secondly, secret agree- ments were made with Britain, France, Italy and Russia - in short, the Allies, in 19177 These Allied powers wanted greater Japanese participation in war; they therefore secretly promised to give Japan Kiauchow in Shantung. An agreemne t of

friendliness was made with the US too. The US expected that this would slow down Japanese expansionism, Thirdly Japan extended some loans to the Peking warlord government of China so as to bribe China to be co-operative in Japan's newly acquired gains. Enger for money to fight with other warlords, the Peking government accepted tuose loans.

Then Japan took part in the Siberian Expedition, in 1918. The Expediti on W63 an Allied attempt at checking the spread

of Communi sa to East

Aaia after the Bolshevik

seizure of power in

1917 in Russia and

bringing Russia back.

不隨禮柯多新彩ß無報請遠 另報拜式采穎色任販就道 收附出印多 華 歡訂近閱 費送版刷

迎閱向戶

報日僑華

into greater war-efforts

against Germany and

Austria. Japan joined

it because of

territorial ambition and the desire to keep Comunist threats away from Manchuria (Japan's sphere of influence). Yet the Japanese military sent in many times the number of troops originally decided on. Again, however, the Allied. powers could do little to restrain Japan, not until the First World War ended in 1919:

In conclusion, Japan used the opportunities when the great powers. were preoccupied with war and made great. gains, territorial, economic and political in the East Asian regions. The traditional balance of power i East Asia was destroyed in such a way..

Describe the factors for

the rise of Japanese militarism in the 1930s

Meaning of Militarism 1. the government

controlled by military men spread of

militaristic ideas:

government and society

3. the government using

Agressive foreign

policy

1. active military:

preparedness and buildup at home.

Factors for the rise of militarism

1. Growing influence of

the military

-

Because moderniza- tion started as defence against foreign imperialism, military men had always enjoyed a high social and political position. From about 1910 to 1945, military men established many organiza- tious in Japan. They influenced many Japanese people.

Before 1868 (the Meiji Restoration) military men (the samuräï) enjoyed a high social and political position. Thus militarism had a long: tradition.

Struggle for leadership between military and civil leaders

From 1868 to 1912. power was

concentrated in the Emperor, who vas able. The Meiji statesmen (like Ito) were civil and military leaders at the same time. From the 1920s on, however, the Emperor was not able, and the Heiji statesment died away. Thus military men and civil men struggled for power

In times of bad international relations (such in the 1950s),

people felt that. military men

should run the

country so as to

protect the

country,*.

3. Failure of democratic

日期星

experimentation

Japan experimented with democratic

rule from 1918 to:

1951. The period

was called the period of the party rule. But (i) modernization had been on the surface and democracy was. difficult to take root (ii).

conservative and authoritarian. forces made it difficult for democracy to work. Thus democracy failed in the 1950s, Social conservatism

Modernization had been limited to the political levels during

Meiji times.

Institutions were

reformed, but the

people's thoughts were not changed. Social

conservatism was still very stong. The

contributions of social conservatism to the rise of militarism were follows:

i

many military men came from the

conservative countryside party-rule and western-style democracy were limited to city areas only.

International developments making it possible for the rise of militaris

a. Japanese people

felt that they vere discriminated against hy western powers. For example, during the Washington.

Conference (1921- 22), Japan was given an interior ratio of naval disarmament. Military men made use of this

feeling to arouse patriotic emotion. Party men were condemned as people who betrayed the country. Popular support for the military became strong.

6. The failure of

peaceful economic expansion in the 1920s- eh

日七十月四年三八九一曆公年二十七國民華中 華

This policy, which party governments upheld, failed to protect Japan! s interests. People thought that only military men could best. safeguard Japan's interests. Examples of dictatorships in

Europe

Such examples were the rise of Fascist rule in Italy and of Nazist rule in Germany.. Japanese people thought that they could make their country strong by following such examples.

8. The Great Depression

(1929 - 1930)

Because of the

Depression, many Japanese people.

were unemployed. Prices rose and

fell sharply. Many

people suffered

economically.

b. People believed

that party govern ment could not give them a good livelihood. They felt that Western capitalism and democracy were not good, 'hus they welcomed

militarian. The threat of Comminism -

Soviet Pussia was a comunist country. Conservative Japanese feared that Japan might become a communist.

country too. They

welcomed

militarism as

force against

communism.

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ECONOMICS (30)

6.K. Wong & I.T. Chan

"MIA L&DALE PRESS LTD.

questibus for Revision:

Explain why that a success in anti- narcotics efforts may lead to a rise in price of heroin, (h) Explain why that a

Ans,

(b)

rise in taxi-fare may reduce the total revenue of taxi.. drivers.

An increased anti- reutics efforts has led to a fall in supply of heroin. As shown in Figl, supply curve shifts from

S1 to Sq, representing a fall in supply. The price of heroin therefore rises, while demand. still remains unchanged. The rise in price is drastic because both the demand and supply of heroin are inelastic. The demand for hernin is inelastic because drug addicts are deep rooted in using 1. Supply of heroin is inelastic because it is illegal and therefore difficult to increase its.. supply,

Price:

Quantity

Dzorigina in demand

curve

5 original supply

curve.

new supply curve OP=original price level OP2=new price level

The demand for taxi-services is

elastic becasse there. are a number o subatubes whach can neptmen kaxi-services. Therefore, a rise in price of taxi- services will

lead

to a reduction in

total revenue earned

by tax-drivers 'because quantity.

demanded" decreases. than the

more

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5-491 181

proportionate exage

in price, Fig, 2,

shows "unt as prive increasĽS from GP. CP,,, quantity

demanded will fall from 0 to

whereby the new to

revenue (Ong20P 2 ) will be less than the original total revenue (004x0Pq

Quantity

OP, original price

OP1⁄2=new price

00,=original quantity

demanded

Onew quantity

demanded:

001AP1 =original total

revenue

OBP-new total

revenue

Describe the functions

of retailers and

wholesalers

respectively.

The functions retailers are (1) Storing a wide

variety of goods to meet different consumers' needs

and therefore

providing wider choice for

consumers,

(2) Bring goods to

where it is most convenient for the customers at the appropriate time..

(3) Sorting the goods, into different grades with proper packing. (4) Providing special

services to customers, such as technical advice,

after-sale

services, product information services, etc.

(5) Bearing the risk

of deterioration of goods and also the risk of anticipating consumer demand. The functions of whole-salers a

are

(1) Acting as a

bridge between

manufacturers and retailers: Whole- salers buy in bulk from producers and sell in small quantities to retailers

(2) Providing ware-

bunge

facilities

to spore pood. large quantities (3) Providing market

information - to“. manfacturers so

that consumers' needs can be best met.

(4) Helping finance

production and distribution by allowing credits to retailers and paying promptly to manufacturers. (5) Helping develop

the market for the product. However,

with the

easing popularity.

of mail-order

business and super-

market operation, the

role of wholesalers and

retailers has been

affected a little..

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