1983-03-22 — Page 35

第七級鋼孥總決賽冠鹊沛和(九龍成

ESEK) SUKEULOOK •

第3屆 校際音樂節特鮨

育教節樂音 頁三第張九第 日八初月二年亥癸麻夏

WAH. KIU YAT PO

郭日僑

二期星

日二廿月三年三八九一曆公年二十七國民華中

·九龍聖約翰書院)及陳斌八聖保羅男女中學 高級管樂二重合風除左起度生(

MCS

ET MRS. A. NOZADE MEMORI

1.983

中學會考試題預習專欄

(廿六)

歷史

明徳出版社胡應亮提供資料

HISTORY (26)

Philip Y.I Woo

MILI & DALE PRESS, ITD.

Describe the following!

(A) reasons for the need

Japan in 1945 1952 by SCAP

(B) the contents of

who democratization

democratization

(C) the effects:

democratizati

The question is rather general. The causes, contents and effects of SCAPS democratization are asked, Do not emphasize one of the se aspects only

Causes of democratization

the

1. Desire to destroy t

roots of Japanese militarism —— This was a natural objective on SCAP's part, as Japan had been defeated. Need to establish a democratic foundation for Japan - The Americans felt that they had the

responsibility to do so. This was because the USA regarded herself as the most democratie country in the world and as the defender of democracy, The USA entered the two world wars against undemocrate powers: (Imperial Germany in World War I and Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in World War II. Euless

a firm base was created for Japan to practise democracy, was feared that Japanese militariso would come back one day, though destroyed for the time being. 3. Fulfillment of war

purpose by the USA The Second World War would have become a struggle for power if there had not been

ideals to fight One of the ideals was the defence of democracy. In trying to democratize Japan, the USA showed

to the vorld thot her: war-efforts during

1941-1945 were not wasted.

Threat of communism and onset of the Cold War----Communi so

advanced greatly after the Second World War in the world. The USA started a Cold War with thệ USSR, To' preveut the spread of communism, the USA

decided to actively

Fromote democracy in places like Japan.

Measures of

democratization

1.

Demilitarization

This included

destruction of all

armament, abolition of

all imperialist.

territorial

possessions, and

purges of militarists.

Political reform

(A) A new constitution,

1947 It'

renounced war, cut down the power enjoyed by the Emperor, and raised the political importance of the parliament. The people were given democratic rights. (B) Structure of

government 1. national.

government The civil

service was reformed on democratic fines. The judiciary was. separated from the executive (ie. the

cabinet). Power

was

decentralized (ie. not concentrated) so that no

government department could become

dictatorial.

ii, local

government power was also decentralized, Governors were elected. Local: communities were given a

cliance to run their own affairs. political

parties

Many parties. were tolerated.

Educational ref

(A) Liberal subjects

were introduced in

schools. The pre-war emphasis on ultra- nationalist teachings was given up.

(B) Compulsory

education WHS extended from 6 to 9 years. (C) Educational

administration was decentralized. Teachers with conservative, radical or militarist

thoughts were dis-

missed New teachers were

employed to encourage, free educatioñ‚

(1) Higher education

was developed,

More universities were built..

Social and economic reforma y

(4) land and

agriculture. Land was

transferred from rich landlords to peasante (by. Low-price sale) Technological advice was given to the

..

the farmers. Labour unious They were encouraged. The aim was to counter-balance the powerful Zaibatsui (financial combines), Laws were passed to protect workers.

(C) break-up of the

zaibatsu It

was for the sake of destroying

overconcentrations

of economic power

few families. in a Some zaibatsu families were removed from g ownership, control and position. Re- gulations were passed to prevent the rise of monopolies.

Effects of

democratization

1. Destruction of

militarism AFT militarist elements

were cleansed,

including weapons, the militarists themselves end overseas colonies. Institution for overall democratic rule — The political structure of Japan was democratized. This guaranteed that no anhitious men could overthrow the government of law and replace it with a government of dictatorship.

3. Training of

democratic-minded

The citizens - educational reform and the political rights given to the

people made possible

the rise of these... citizens. Society became more democratic, as ultrapatriotism and

conservatism were cleansed w

More even distribution of wealth and income among social classes The social and economic reforms made all this possible. 5. Contribution to quick

economic recovery - Because Japan became a democratie country; and because since then Japan „could promote. national greatness. only by economic development, the recovery to economic soundness was rapid.

Strengthening of Japanese-American ties

Because of America's contributions to Japan's democratization the ties between the two

countries were greatly strengthened. This remains the same even till nowadays. Increased westernization in Japan — The Japanese had since the early days of the Meiji period tried to imitate Western things They did so without abandoning their own culture. After 1945, the American efforts in democratization

furthered

westernization in

Japan. On the surface,

Japan has now become thoroughly

westernized society,

經濟

(廿六)

●王啓光

●陳勵德提供資料

K.K. Wong & 1.7. Chan

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

A. Balance-of-Payments

A country's balance of international payments can affect'. the value of jus cuccurrency and indi

decisions of the goverment regarding exports, imports, and the flow of investment funds.

A country's balance -of-payments statement summarizes all inter- -national transactions

by government, business, and private': residents during a specified period of time, usually one“ veur. It is a flow? cou opt reflecting changes in accounts, similar to an income statement and a flow- of-funds statement. in. accounting, As an illustration, the official-reserves section of the balance of payments would summarize an annual changes in amounts of

such

reserve assets,

as gold and covertible currencies.

The principle of balance-of-payments is based on double-entry accounting: each

on is

Sąsted by an

increase or a decrease of units. When the total receipts are greater than the total

country payments, the is described as having a favourable balance

of payments, or payments, surplus. However, if total payments are more than total receipts, the country will be suffering a payment deficit, i.e.;

An

unfavourable balance of payments, of course a country with a payment surplus will gain foreign exchange while a country with a Payments deficit will lose foreign exchange. B. Current Account

The current account usually includes merchandise trade, services and unilateral transfers. Merchandise trade includes the export and import of physical goods. On the other hand, services are

often referred to as

noumerchandise transactions or invisibles.

Transfer payments or unilateral

transfers represent gifts or similar payments by domestic residents to foreign residents (private transfer), or vice

ansfer

versa. The net of the

three accounts

merchandise trade,

services, and

unilateral transfera

represent the balance on current account.

Diversification

In recent years, Hong Kong exporters have faced many trade restriction problems... The European Economic Cozmunity has imposed quotas on textiler which is the largest. export industry in Hong Kong. In addition, neigbouring countries such as South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, etc., are exporting

re

those items that are. competitive with Hong Kong products overseas. Thus, because of international. restrictions imported goods and

on

keen competition, the Hong Kong Government advices local industries to diversify. The ultimate ain, of course, is to make Hong Kong less dependent on a few major markets and to decrease the chance of unemployment in this

area.

General speaking, diversification can serve the following, purposes: (1)better utilization

of the firms' production

economy

the existing sales organization; (3)reduced dependence

of a country or, a. firm on a single market, product or customer; (4)higher return on

investment than could be obtained in its present aren

of activity; (5)safeguarding the future growth of the company if its present market does. not permit adquate sales increases; (6)avoding strong

competition on its present market. Te it is important to realize that diversifications can be brought about in different forms:- (1)Diversification of

markets

diversification of markets means an increase in the number of markets served by an. "individual firm When the export industries of a country depend solely on market or a few markets, then it will face probable

threats

the to

one

countries set up trade barriers,

such as tariffs or quotas,

(2)Diversification of

industries-by

diversifying

industries, this means the

provision

of greater variety of industry to

area, especia], 20

one mainly

dependent on a highly localised industry. Its ain is to make employ- ment less dependent on a particular industry so that serious employment will not occur if÷ that industry. declines. As our exports are usually labour-intensive,

the increased

production cost (e.g. land,.

has made our1abour)

domestic exports

less competitive with those of our neighbouring

countries who have cheaper labour and land. Hence we need to develop new lines of production which requires, skills, technology, design, machinery, and management.

In order to work. for the continual growth and develop- ment of our exports, exports,

diversifications of

industries are markets are... necessary. Besides the industrialista themselves, the government can play a critical role in the diversification process such as through a relaxed land policy. A committee has already been set up to study the

Page 35Page 36