1983-02-12 — Page 23

necessary to come together and work out ways to deal with this Soviet threat.

★教僑華頁三第張六第

日十三月二十年戌壬歷夏

1983

中學會考試題預習專欄

(廿一>

歷史

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HISTORY (21)

Philip Y.L. Woo

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

THE WASHINGTON CONFERENCE

· 1921-

22

BACKGROUND AND CAUSES

apan's expansi China and the consequent overt of East Asia's be of pover

To the Western powers, Japan's war-time gains in China had destroyed East Asia's balance of power. After 1919, therefore, the Western powers, especially the US, felt the need to check Japanese expansion.

B.. Japan's willingness to

return to a policy of cooperation with the Western powers.

few reasons explained Japan's

willingness to join

the Washington

Conference:

The Anglo-Japanese Alliance would":

1901 Thus Japan would soon be without a Western

ally to jointly defend her interests.

After 1919, the war-tine economic prosperity that

cone to an end, There he

began

economic

difficulties

(which could only be solved by

cooperation with the West).

During the First

World War, both

the US and Japan

had greatly

expanded their

trade with China. Japanese-American

economic ties

were also

strengthened.

After 1919,

Japanese.

businessmen realized the importance of. further commercial cooperation with. the US so as to deal with the competition of the expected. return of the European powers to the China trade.

Party rule hæd been established. in Japan since 1918. The political par which were supported by businessmen, Tavoured

the West.

C. The fall of Tsarist

Russia and, the rise of the new Soviet threat

Under Lenin, the Bolsheviks succeeded in seizing power and founding a Soviet government in late 1917. To win China's friendship, Lenin promised to abandon old treaty rights and

destroy the old imperialist treaty. system itself. The capitalist Western. powers, especially the US, therefore found it

D. The rise of the US

and her new policy in East Asia

old imperialist powers like Germany and

Tsarist Russia bad "disappeared in East

Asia, while other's such as Britain and France had been weakened after the First World War. Consequently, the US had become the

strongest power in the Far East. She disliked the old imperial st treaty system in which the powers recognized ene anger's Spaces, of influence in China.

E. The race for naval

power in East Asia and the intention among the

powers to put an end to it"

Britain, Japan and

US wished to cut

military

spending so as t.o concentrate on internal proble

F. The need to deal

other unsettled problems

The First World War had created many problems in East Asia, many of them still unsolved bý 1921, As the Versailles

Conference was primarily concerned with Europe, many of the problems in East. Asia bad not been satisfactorily settled For example:

The egestion.

Japan's occupation of Kranchow was

But tulen up in

the 1919

Conference*^^ The troops that Japan sent to

Siberia had not

been withdrawn by 1919..

TRIATITS AND AGIU E “ENTS

Four-Power Pact Decemember 1921 Knowing that the US was opposed to the renewal te

Anglo-Japanese 12 Pandey botir Britain and Japan invited the US to: join a friendly pact as a substitute. The American government, however, wanted only a more general and less imperialistic. pact that included France, for only a general pact would more likely get approval from the American people. Thus the Four-Power Pact was signed, by which the US, Britain, France and Japan

a. promised to

maintain t

existing conditions in the Pacific areas, and agreed to discuss with each other if their rights, and interests should be threatened in future. Unlike the Anglo-

WAH KIU YAT PO

Japanese Alliance, however, the Pact did not necessarily require the four powers to help each other militarily. Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty February 1922

This treaty.wus signed by the US, Britain, Japan,.

France and Italy as an attempt to limit the armament race:

A ratio of capital-ship. ownership for the powers was agreed upen: 5 for the US and Britain, 3 for Japan, and 1,67 for France and Italy. All the three powers the US, Britain and Japan

agreed to cut back navy - building plans, to break up some battleships, and not to build new fortifications naval bases and battleships in the Pacific for the next 10 years. Nine-Power Pact, February 1922 — In this pact, which was sigued by all the Aine powers, some general an

idealistic principl about future Sino- Western relations were laid down. a. Traditional

spheres of

influence were considered to be imperialist products of the past and were abolished,

The powers agreed not to seek exclusive and separate privileges from China but

existing rights. enjoyed by them still remained.

A security clause was included in the pact, by which the powers agreed not to violate one another's rights in China. China's national right (1.e. sovereignty) was to be respected. Check on wartime Japanese expansion Japan was

cooperative in giving up some of the gains that she made during. the First World War. For example:

Group V of the 21 Demands was

formally withdrown. The right to employment of Japanese advisers in Manchuria was abandoned The Kiaochow leased territory and the Tsingtao- Tsinan rai lway (in Shantung) were returned to Ching.

A promise to carry out an

early withdrawal

of Japanese. troops from Russian.

territories was

"made.

Measures to improve relations with China The Chinese representatives proposed the famous 10-point program, calling upon the Western powers to restore equality and independence to China In response to this program, the powers at the

報日僑

六期星

conference adopted the "Root

Resolution"

promising, co give

China the fullest

a stable

“a.

opportunity to develop and maintain

government. Certain increases in tariffs on imports into China were agreed upon.

Britain promised to return Weihaiwei (leased in 1898) to China,

WEAKNESSES OF THE WASHING ON CONFERENCE

A. Lack of unity between the Western powers

The Four-Power and Nine-Power" treaties were only empty agreements, for there was little cooperative effort among the Western povers, Great.. powers like the US... and Britain were fond of taking individual actions.

B. Absence of Soviet

Russia at the Washington Conference and subsequent Soviet threats

Soviet Russia was not invited to the

Washington Conference

because she was not. recogué ced by the Consequentiy, no checks on. Soviet

action in china

was posible.

Failure of the powers

to define one another s interests

The powers at the Washington. Conference intended to continue the exploitation of China but failed to specifically and clearly define theii own interests among themselves in the country

EFFECTS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WASHINGTON CONFERENCE

A. In the Pacific areas

Generally speaking,

the Washington

of

Conference was more successful in keeping peace in the Pacific areas than in East... Asia. The abolition the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, together with the naval limitation: arrangements, made sure that no two Pacific powers could

and be strong enough to challenge the rest, thus threatening peace in the areas. “A balance of power was maintained,

Over the East Asian continent

On the East Asian continent, however,

the Washington

Conference failed to

solve problems that later led to international troubles;

Japan's ambition would not be removed just by an empty international agreement of non-aggression on

paper,

ii. Despite the Four- Power treaty, the powers failed to cooperate whole- heartedly to check Japan.

C. Japan

Japan gave up her var-time AAAA aggressive policy and some of her war-time gains. For a moment,

D. Chiná

日二十月二年三八九一脡公年二十七國民中

therefore, her relations with

the

China and West were

improved."

Yet other more

important Japanese rights acquired during the war were retained.

Meanwhile, because of the. cooperation between Japan and the West, democratic party government at home was further strengthened.

Political: domination over China by the foreign powers had considerably been cut down after the Washington Conference.

Yets

China was still not.

recognized as a modern state. Unequal treaties still remained.

The foreign po were not yet prepared to give up all imperialist rights of die past. Many of the Chinese, nationalists wer dissatisfied.

經濟(廿一)

陳勵德 #

NICS (21)

K. K.Wong & L.T. Chan

MILLAR MATE, EPES

duestion:

Vhat is inflation and vhat are the common causes of inflation? Discuss the effects of inflation mon the dai life of an average Hong Kong consumer today?

Täflation refers to conditions when the general prices and cosis of goods and services, are rising continuously (10. the value of money is declining in a continuous manner. The common." causes of inflation as follows: (a) Inflation may be

caused by an increase in the amount of money in circuletion or by a drop in the arti supply of goods services.

are

(b) It may uceer as a

result of excess 'denand. file, demand

pull inflation). induced by an

increase in denim! of

food-stuffs etc. The ..

urchase and consumption

patterns of consumers. will chauge accordingly.

Necessary goods will increase in demand while spending on luxuries will be decreased.

vill also he less and

caru

people will

more money to increase their real incones. Generally speaking debtors and people wiose incones respond quickly to inflation will gain while creditors and people with relatively fixed income will lose. Torinese people vill

Likod bd Hurt Lore because of the rise in the prices of necessary itais, Thus, there is generally a rudistribu-

Fon of income. The

people in Hong Kong v

there.

tend to rehase nëTE imported items since these products are now. relatively cheaper than before berubah ke luflation. When hyper- Inflation occurs, will her a fall i

irvestment, and fempler- neut will occur, Like- vise, us

the prices of exports of Hong Kong rise due to inflation, the competitive power of these items will be weakened and exnorts tend

t decrease, Sinde Hong Kong is so export-

Hong Kong and hence

dependent, the economy of

the

life of the consumer

vid E. be adversely: afforced.

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ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

(21)

S.B.Ko

MILL & DALE. PRÈSS LTD,

Paper I, Section

Exercise 11:

The line joining

to (10cose,10sine) is divided internally in the ratio 2:3 at P(x,y). Find cost and sine in terms of x and y respectively. If 0 varies,

prove that the locus of P a circle, and write down its tentre and radius,

Differentiate;

with respect to x where a is a constant

of the point at which the tangent to the

ર.

goods and services by 3. Find the co-ordinates consumers as well as overs rending by firms or by government, Inflation may occur because of fising costs of

production.)

(d) Inflation may be, · caused by naturật disasters, social. disturbances or wars. It may also be caused by the deliberaté policy of the govern ment or speculators. Who stuckpile goods.

In order to forca" pl.e price level supvards to realise abnormal profiys.

The effects of inflation upon the daily life of an average Houg Kong coNSWER are:

The effects of". inflation upon different groups of consumers are essentially different. In general, there wiI!. He rise in rue, prices consumer goods and DAS Cez elg,rents,

curve y=x-x--x+1 at the point (-1,0) meets the curve again.

4. Express the following

in the form x+iy and hence find its modulus and argument

(cose+ising)

cosp-ising

Evaluate

luat

dx

1/4-x

substitution of x=29ine.

6. For what values of

so that the roots of the equation

2

2-39x+a2-8-3=0. are real?

7. The expansion, in

ascending powers of of (1+x) becomes

1,12-154-7

20∙ 12-187*

certain values substituted for and n. Find these values.