1983-02-06 — Page 23

港成立數月 的面

Zeng

雅樂四人,自在科

育教化女頁三第張六第日四廿月二十年戌壬潘萬

奏重四樂雅頌

出演次三第旬下月來

主将大郎斑・灌綠下無 外 ,又經常在世界各地 尤除坎忙的音樂演奏會 在羅馬專攻流行音藥。 继盛頓学習的士樂又 法明商吉他,後赴 在巴黎習古典-及西班

·爾結他手。尤十六鸡起 一位到訪北京演奏的外 的演奏活動。他也是第 联首演;後耎藤開廣泛 二年,他在卡內基演奏

·数唱片。

WAH KIU YAT PO

GAME

(右)黃鼎塑「猴子」。 左心丁衍鏽「松案」

(KKNKCREEDATELRS)

報日僑華

日期星

日六月二年三八九一暦公年二十七國民龄中

化

一個女記者寫成的佳作 百老匯式音樂劇「芝加哥」 雪梨劇團來港演出

奏家。 |樂團,他們將分別於 團及倫敦加布里埃利

**像坎培拉管樂獨奏家 有外地著名的樂泉季, 地的弦樂隊表演外,

電台第四台合辦的一 由香港盛伙中心及香港 大束室樂雅叙,4

香港營弦樂團出色的演 (大提琴)。他們都是

·试难弦樂四重喚門

動,主要是針對楊 中涉及的哥材和尖境的 撰寫了「芝」,製 象搭有意見的;因而 時,對於這種不公平現 的罪名到得比较好。當 爲江衆的耏力;而把她 物。法庭方面,也會像 ;爲人所共知的風頭人 i迢犯人不難一夜成名 再加上外妻有吸引力 犯的殺人手法特别兇狠

·窦都甚感典超。如殺人 時的讀者,對桃色兇殺 宜兩案的審判過程。當 一九二二年她曾經報導 ENEVERTON • 案。刺作人庭京斯是當 阿兩宗真有其事的謀殺 發生的故事,劇情是有 年。故事取材自芝加哥的升F大高四重奏作品邦達(中提琴)及梅停售。 「山水] 黃蔗維作 〔現展出博雅畫廊) 斯所作,寫於一九二六一重發作品四二八,海頓、范丁(小提琴)、馬、票房及南華早報杳店發的 劇是慕道,達拉斯·尼京:莫扎特的路三大哥四爲:顧品德〔小提琴)生心,現已在藝術中心领 撞歌瞒「芝加哥」。道這次放出的樂單,包括 拍的弦樂手組成,分别 會員九折》及十元(學 演出一场傳統式百老縠中的第三場音樂會。麥,由本港四位首屈一纷分廿五元(藝術中心

將於本月十四至十九日】奏廳再抽出大東室樂雅 劇團之稱的雪梨劇團,將於三月廿八日,在該五十一。頌雅弦樂四重 ,

有澳洲非官方國家一路樂迷熱烈類設。他們一克的C大調四重奏作品,在藝術中心表演。 |術中心兩度演出後,已|五十第四首,及德伏礼一月十四日及六月六日,

.縦-上演了一百七十二年

形式上演,在百老匯進 。「N」劇最初以話劇

報章所構成的奥力

;後又怕成片公映,

“而較爲人熟識的,可裤

(右)蘭竹(左)花鳥

(REBEEFL)

(HERE)

མv གཙཡA

1983

中學會考試題預習專欄

歷史 (=+)

明德出版社胡應亮提供資料

HISTORY (20)

Philip Y.L. Wou

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD,

THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT

BACKGROUND AND CAUSES.

A. The growth of Chinese

nationalism

Continued foreign imperialism and internal political instability after 1911: aroused the patriotic feelings of many Chinese people. Then, during the First World War (1914-18) ---

Japan's

presentation of the 21 Demands to. China in 1915 had the effect of unifying the angry Chinese people in the presence of a. comon external aggressur

The ideals of national self- determination as advocated by President Wilson of the US- stimulated great enthusiasm for liberalism and

nationalism among

Chinese

intellectuals.

The rise of a politically conscious merchant class and

labour force

Chinese industry and commerce expanded greatly during the First World War, for the following reasons: i. Internally, the

fall of the Ching dynasty removed. the traditional

conservative checks on and prejudice against commerce and industry. Externally, the First World War. led to a quick decline of European industries and trade with Asia, This gave China's industries, a good opportunity of expansion. Consequently, by 1919. there appeared new merchant and labour classes who were politically conscious and were ready to speak out against foreign imperialism.

The rise of a new modern intellectual clags

The introduction of modern, Western

education in China

since late Ching

times created a class of modern

realized Chi

eager to save country."

who

and were

the

The emergence of treaty-ports and. large cities in China

Both foreign economi imperialism and

interul reform in Lang Chi China contributed to the emergence of many prosperous treaty- ports and cities in. the country. Modern foreign ideas were easily obtained and quickly popularized in these urban areas.

E. The failure of :

political revolution By 1919, it became clear that the 1911 Revolution had failed to strengthen China. Many intellectuals. understood that changes greater and more fundamental than a political revolution were

necessary.

THE MAY FOURTH INCIDENT IN. 1919.

A. Immediate causes

Toward the end of the First World War, many Chinese hoped that, as rewards for China's contributions of war- effort and in

accordance with the US President Wilson's idealistic principles the formerly German concessions seized by Japan in Shantung would be returned to China. At the Versailles Conference

of 1919, however, it turned out that Britain, France and Italy had already secretly agreed to support Japan in retaining these concessions. This aroused great anger among nationalist Chinese. In protest, some 5,000 students from the Peito

University (北京大學

and other educational institutions held a large-scale demonstration in Peking on May 4, 1919. This was the May Fourth Incident.

B. Course.

Similar demonstrations

were held in other cities, such as

Tientsin, Shanghai, Nanking and Cantou. The newly organized labour unions also joined the nation-wide movement. Soon, even merchants joined the movement by closing their shops in a merchant's strike. There was a general boycott of Japanese goods.

Results

The immediate achievements of the May Fourth Incident were limited;

1. Despite China's.

objections, the

great powers at Versailles still decided to leave the Shantung concessions in Japanese hands. In China, demonstrations soon cooled down.. and patriotic

societies elsewhere failed to cooperate for joint, powerful action, iii.Nevertheless, the

students in Peking succeeded in. embarrassing and bringing down the warlord government, Also, the Chinese representatives at the Versailles

Conference did withhold from signing the peace treaty.

SIGNIFICANCE AND EFFECTS

Although student demonstrations on May 4 1919. highlighted it, the May Fourth Movement actually extended from about 1917 to 1923. While, the achievements of the 1919 incident were few. and limited, the long- term effects of the May Fourth Movement at large were far-reaching and im portant in Chinese history.

Intellectual significance

Popularization of

modern, Western ideas Modern ideas from the West were widely

by

intellectuals, ideas like

democracy,

liberalism,

socialism,- pragmatism (i theory that the truth and value of an idea depends on the practical effects it brings to human-7 interests), and utilitarianism (ie theory that emphasizes practical

usefulness of things, not their outward beauty), Criticism and abandonment of tradition - In the past, the Confucian

tradition of cultural self- sufficiency and superiority made Chinese scholars unwilling to borrow from foreign cultures. In the May Fourth Movement, however Chinese measured themselves against modern Western idens.

Rise of democratic spirits - Many of the modern ideas might not be actually put into practice. Yet the democratic spirite that they brought decisively des troyed the.

cultural tradition of the past.

Literary significance

Introduction of the pai-hua During the May Fourth Movement, classical written Chinese (wen-yen Zé was rejected.

The pai-hua (344), which was written vernacular Chinese,

was introduced. Rising literacy rate Inv

traditional China, only the scholar class knew classical written Chinese because the language was difficult to learn and different from spoken Chinese. The pai-hua, however, was colloquial and thus easy to master. Efforts to popularize the pai-hua during the May Fourth period had thus the effect of raising the literacy rate in society (i.e. more people were able to read and write).

Social significance

Expansion of popular education and rise of public opinion The popularity of the pai-hua and the Western idea of progress contributed to the growth of popular education, which in turn

the

contributed to rise of moderu public opinion in China,

ii. Attack on social

traditions —

Social

traditions

of the past were. under attack. The. old family system, for example, was condemned by young intellectuals. Instead, the ideal of nuclear families was advocated. Young people began to demand individual freedom from the traditional collective way of living. Young girls rose to attach Lo traditional- discrimination

against women, Co-education and marriage based on love were, advocated. Increased. political

iousness

the new social forces Merchants, industrialists and city workers, all of whom were products of modernization,

became..

increasingly politically conscious. They participated in many of the anti-foreign boycotts, Increased class consciousness In the past, local-provincial feeling among the Chinese people was strong. During the May Fourth Movement, howeve as workers and: students in

different places protested against.

some common enemy (e.g. imperialism, Japanese

aggression), class consciousness was promoted in China.

Political significance

Politicized

Chinese nationalism.

Anti-imperialist demonstrations against the great powers and anti- Japanese riots strengthened the. force of modern

Chinese nationalism. Student and labour. movements grew

increasingly active

Rise of politicized

student movement - In the May Fourth Movement, students discovered that organized propagandaaand demonstrations could bring positive results. Student movements

of a political

nature were in

this way stimulated.

Contribution to national

unification - The anti-warlord activities of the May Fourth

Movement aroused. great concern for China'a political disunity. This factor indirectly contributed to the nationa 1: unification of

1928.

LIMITATIONS AND SHORTCOMINGS

A. Lack of determination.

coordination and planning

Many of the May Fourth activities were short- lived and failed ta bring about long-term and basic changes. For example, thère we re few efforts in coordinating the different anti- imperialist activities. and most of these: activities were unplanned.

B. Urban-bound extend of

influence

The May Fourth...

Movement seldom spread beyond the cities. It was basically a city. movement. Serious.

social and economic problems of China's large countryside were seldom recognized..

C. Uncritical acceptance

of Western ideas and rejection of Chinese tradition

In revising China's culture, modern intellectuals had the habit of destroying "tradition and

replacing it with Western culture. In so doing, however, they sometimes did not succeed in building up a new Chinese culture.

D. Limited practical

achievements

The immediate and political achievements of the May Fourth Incident were limited. Other than success in bringing down a warlord government in 1919, the Movement as a whole failed to solve China's political problems. Warlords remained as powerful

as they were, and foreign imperialism still existed. Also, China failed to change the Versailles.

settlement concerning the Shantung rights.