1982-12-27 — Page 20

argumentative

報日僑華

established, national

真四第張五第日三十月一十年戌壬歷夏

WAH KIU YAT PO

中學會考試題預習專欄

1983

歷史

明德出版社胡應亮提供資料

HISTORY (14)

Philp Y.L. Woo

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

In this and tue following four issues,we shall learn how an essay can be organized and written in practice, in

an examation. This is important. Many a student just

concentrates on studying the different: topics of history and neglects the importance of training: in writing history essays on these topics. The problem is that even. if one has studied a topic very well, one may still be at loss writing an essay, in an examination. Therefore it is important that you follow the advice,given in this and the coming

issues.

Narrative and argument

You will notice that there is much difference between writing a plain account of sume thing. (sucias a report in“

a newspaper) and writing an analysis of some thing

such as debate).

required essay,

have:

arc

write

an

a report you

use an

recent years,

tone. In the

questions that you

come across often :

consist of two parts: one more descriptive; the other more.

argumentative, in nature Consider the following: passage, which tries to explain:the reasons: for the success of the Meiji Modernization. (the

numbers are just for your reference):

1. Japan was not a feudal country by the. 18708.2 The different reform programs were carried out. 3. The HAF Japanese people were loyal to the Emperor, but the Emperor was advised by some Meiji leaders.known as the genro. 4. The reforms. were very. useful indeed. 5. That is why Japan was able to defeat China.in 1893 and Russia in 1904. 6. The wars had very.... far-reaching

consequences for the East Asian international conditions. 7. The Japanese people had been very much influenced by the tradition. China was the opposite. 8. She was corrupt and bad. 9. On the other band, Japan liked Westernizatiori very much. 10. Even in the Tokugawa period,. *Dutch Tearning" w残S popular 11. Through Nagasaki, kestern know--- Ledge.imported Hutch: traders into Japan. 12. The people and thě government enjoyed good uni fi catio. 13. The

Fundamental Law on

Educatyouf1872

control.over:education and universal and compulsory education

was introduced...

This passage has many weaknesses, as follows: 1. Indirect discussion

The fired. Clee sentences are plain statements in which the: writer fails to point out exactly how they.contribute to the success of moderniza- tion. Also, an?? elaboration of the twa statements (see below for the meaning of elaboration) is lacking.

Vagueness.

sentenc

The fourth is very vague; it leaves the marker wondering what it actually means. Side-issue 8 --

That Japan :succeede症 in defeating China and Russia (in the fifth sentence) is an example to show the Meiji success in modernization, not

for the

reason

success,

One can

mention this, but one must not treat it as

a major point. Irrelevancy -

The sixth sentence is irrelevant. The writer included the

point perhaps because it happened to come across his mind. In other words, he was not in firm control of the writing of-the essay

5. Carelessness.

In the seventh

sentencey the writer

wanted to say."

一期星

日七十月二十年二八九一屣公年一十七國民華中 刊週文藝育教

Japanese people 'iad very much been' influenced by the

of culture.

a Dwing to

carelessless, he left out the last three vords and made the whole sentence incon- prehensible. The same happens to the fifth sentence. Japan defeated China in 1894-95, not 1893. And in the last sentence of the 1st paragraph, the writer wanted to say "Dutch traders imported: western knowledge into Japan" but reversed the object and subject. Inappropriate'

wording

In the first sentence of the second"

paragraph, the writer wanted to say "In

general, vapan enjoyed good social and political unity. That is why her

modernization was successful". However, he failed to explain how and lie mistoik "unification" for "unity". The marker is left: wondering whether: or not the sentence refers to Japan's abolition of feudalism

and, national unifica- tion, which is a repetition of the Tirst sentence of the first paragraph. 7. Plain description

The last sentence looks more like:a description of the Meiji education than an analysis of the factors for the Meiji "modernization's

success..

Overallelusiveness;

In organization, whole passage is

the

country from above. Unlike China which was

elusive. Sentences.

seem separate state- menite without a

systematic and logical line of analysis. The writer was unable to arrange the different factors for the Meiji success in a logical manner. He might be even uncertain as tón what exactly those

factors were..

Consequently, he wrote as bits and pieces of ideas and facts (some relevant, others not quite) came up in iis mind;⠀ Now consider this pussage, which also explains. wiy the Meiji Modernizating was successful;

Japan had been used. to borrowing from other culture even before 1868. The popularity of "Dutch learning", which was Western knowledge imported into Japan in the Tokugawa period, was an illustration. Such a tradition facilitated the acceptance of modernization in Meiji

times.

In other respec too, the conditions. of Japan before 1868 had already laid the ins for the post-1868 success in aspects like military modernization, industrial expansion

and educational

development. The Meiji lestoration in 1868 provided a new. enege cic and

progressive leadership responsible for the whole-hearted decision

to modernize the

burdened by a declining

dynasty, Meiji Japan, had favourable pre-

conditions for, successful mddernizition as early Las 1870. yhen feudalism

was abolished and a

centralized structure of government emerged in 1871, japan:was. well-equipped to get rid.of her backw wardness.

The moderni za tion programmes: tthemselves were c

ecomprehensive and were carried out at the same time. The central government, of course made the decision to do so and adopted att flexible and practical:

Basically, strategy.

however, it was strong. social and political unity in

nue: fociety. and

government, together with the people's

enthusiasm for modernization, that explained the Meiji success as a whole:

Notice the following; 1. The points in the

passage are arranged. in roughly chrono- logical order: the pre-1868 factors, importance of 1808 Mand the post-1868

factors.Y

Efforts have been made to point out more. explicitly and clearly: how the factors. contributed to the Meiji success in modernization. This is what we call to-the- point presentation.

(to'he continued next

time)

茄

文

始,並非一代之盛事,勝百世而難迎索哉。」, 勝利之期望,控以今日之成功,歷不振,若合符契,聯合大學之终

·定校歌,其辭始範南遷流離之苦辛,中領師生不屈之壯志,終寄最後 一功,.樾信不哀江南,杜甫窖收商北。此其可紀念省四也,聯合大學初

·末人之雄廟;吾人其爲第四次之南渡,乃能於不十年間收恢復之圣

·改其例二也,明人南其三也。風景不殊-晉人之深悲;是我河山 黃帶日南複,南渡之人,未有能北返者,黃人南競其例一也,末人南 此其可紀念者三也。精之往史,我民族若不能立足於中原,偏安江表 自由之境摸,外來民主堡壘之稱就,这千夫之諾諾,作一十之謬謬, 一,聯合大學以其兼容並包之精神,轉移社會一時之風氣,內樹學術 一流,大被敦化,此天地之所以爲太,斯奠先民之恆言,實爲民主之 ,此其可紀念者二也。萬物並育而不相逐,還並行而不相悖,小镪川 ,同無妨,異不有同,五色交輝,相得益彰,八音合阕,終且和平

,今有同慨,三校有不同之歷史,各異之學風,八年之久,合作無間

·與抗戰相終始,此其可紀念著一也。文人相輕,自古巴然,昔人所含

基礎,今日之勝利,於我國家有梅乾轉坤之功,而聯合大學之使命, 酱邦,其命維新者也。【代之俊業,八年之抗戰,已開其規模,立其 希巴羅馬,有古而無令,惟我國家亘古宜今,亦新亦舊,斯所網國雖

·建國完成,必於世界歷史居獨特之地位,盡並世列強,雖新而不古,

界之古國,居東亞之天府,木應群流唐之清烈,作並世之先潢,將來 符之苦辛,與夫三校合作之協和,可紀念者,瓷有四焉。我國家以世 -月四日結束,原有兰校-即將返故居復梅業。緬維八年支 12 日月重光,聯合大學之戰時使命既成,寿命於三十五年五一 間,先後母第二千餘人;從軍旅者八百餘人,河山既復,

·校於四川叙永,一學年後併於本校。昆明本後方名城。 日軍入安南,陷緬甸,乃成前方重鎮。聯合大學支持其 法學院亦證明,二十七年增設師範學院,二十九年設分 ,文法學院於蒙自,於五月四日開始上課。一學期後,交 旅奉命改名爲国立西南聯合大學,設理工學院於崑明

滿江紅(校歌 茹香

主陳:

陳煥山水扇面 濮樂,提郡人。明代

畫家,事略影前。

王麓臺山水立軸、易字友家,陳誓言,太會人。清康熙進」,由知縣環給事中

生物

̇家 總筆

居臺

後

寒郎清

素、康

,及王錮,王躍,並稱四王。工詩文,性廉潔,不治生產,家居後,蕭然如塞案,卒年七十四。

粵港的天主教與基督教概述

卒進 :

年山士

+

四與知

也多樂與之遊吧。 地學,檢後來的學術界,啟迪不少。當時的名禱,如徐光啓,李之姿,

界地图,參觀的人,更全神花稅,因爲他严從沒有想到,世界的縮影是還

二五八一年,意大利人利瑪賽,立志到中國祺致,他到達廣州後,將 的嘉許。而他亦一生幸其心力,將西方文化際入中國,尤其是天文學和興 女校等。而北美長老會,亦設教堂於廣州同認大街,設真光女校於白鶴洞 一聽引,將那些宮鳴鐘,洋琴,和萬國檻誌等,呈狀給明神宗,得到朝廷興街設立教堂,是為廣茧浸信會之始,後來創辦美華書局,培正學校,增餐 年辛,亦即髡六〇一年。他帶備了食品,寫好了貢衰,由大臣們的年,羅孝全牧師,在香港上璠百步梯-設宏科書盡。其後三年,在廣州辦 京去,「仰觀天子宮觀之壯,與城池元面之富且大」。那是明萬曆二十九 威乘士牧師,俱樂博濟醫院。孫中山先生,亦即在該院習醫的。一八四一 一上的榮耀呢。後來他離開了豪慶,往館州,度大庾嶺,到江西南昌,然後則赴潮州汕頭,立會設教,成績不弱。 沿著長江,直赴南京。在南京住了一年,再經由山現各地,而進至首都北一一八三〇年,美國裨治文牧師到廣東來,是爲公理會的開山祖。其後一 寺」三軒大宇,又阳給他一個「西來掙土∫爲額。他也珍之重之,認爲無,派鍪力茶,韓山文教土東來,進行傳道工作。韓氏赴寶安各地,而黎氏 和官民們也漸漸熟習起來。娶優道台,便在他的寓所前,爲他題了「飛花日居港近年才移居加凿的陳監軍醫生。而徹國和瑞士信徒,又共組祟真會 標的。和瑪寶居留久了,畢悅了一些中國語言,继識了多少中國文字,一種醫會的組織。其得力門徒,有王雄初,陳天垣等。夾取的文孫,亦即往 「民爲好奇心所驅使,肩淨接,雄相觀看。尤其是客雖裏聽掛養的一幅世徒,則發南大學校長鍾榮光哩。 聯絡當地人士感情起見,便在寓所內,將歐洲帶來的物品,公開展凳。居、煜初牧師為主任。王收師的哲嬴,亦即名外交家王嵬思博士。而其得意門 房子,是用青疆白灰築成的,式樣倒很可觀,而且沒有什逛洋氣味。他得的。清光緒十年,倫敦會信徒,謀自立教會於廣州,命名道將會堂,請王 典型九層高而客帶歌式的塔,人們稱他爲洋塔。後來又在塔旁,建造一所世何啓,亦即以前本港的著名大律師。雅麗氏醫院,便是紀念何啓夫人 混擇了西江的蛮腰城,作長久居留的地點。一時大興土木,建造了一座之助。洪氏繼往廣州沙基設立教會,何福堂亦往佛山設立教會,何牧師的 許多西方的奇珍異寶,如自吸盤望遠蟻等,送給廣來總督陳文峰。於是,一英華書院,一方面溝通中西文化,一方面作傳道機溝,而由湛約翰牧師爲 道光年間-铯國莚德清牧師來華,在惠州荷慣村,設傳道學徒,是爲

.自此以後,教會派遣教士來華,源不絕。李雅各博士,在香港設立

上川岛來。可惜居住了兩年,還沒辦法進內地去,便在岛上賓志以沒了。所以紀念一位中華基醫教開山之祖的。 日本四國,有一個文化極高的大國,很重視學術的。於是,毅然到廣東的傳送,其泡葛在廣州嶺南大學內。後來廣州青年會,有馬禮遜紀念堂,即 十九年(公元一五五〇),西班牙人方濟各沙勿晷,到日本傳教,知道在的熱區紀念堂,便是爲察氏而設。耕之前有榮發,在馬六甲受洗,且向與 【至於天主教,是比較來運一點,大概在明朝中葉的時挽吧。明世宗嘉靖二 香港大學圖菑館保存到。當時第一位受洗禮的、是中山人亵高。至今澳門 後來唐太宗貞觀年間,阿拉伯人航海到東土灰經商,於是又傳入了向教職。日則辦公,夜則實道,並致力於聖經的繕讓。其手書本,至今還在 外教傳入中國,最早就是佛教,在漢明帝時,已有白馬鈦經的故事。 元一八〇七年,他乘船先低澳門,然後到廣州十三行,在印度公司任容記

地,發揚光大。" ,設進兩大學於河南康樂村,卓然成爲有名學府。而浸信會更分設支會各

白頭宮女;聞說開大了。

歐夏,是廣東西區的一個名勝地方,前臨粹牁江,以前是府尹的駐在 中國的發囑之所呢。如今憑謂一帶,多已改親,三百多年前的故事,等如維多利亞本院沿址,改建協恩女中學。而聖士提反中學,亦遭至赤柱山砷 「西洞,古代稱爲端州的。但那裏一座所謂洋塔,又怎會知道是天主教傳天工作,在九龍邀維多利亞女莽院,附立聖三一教堂,何文田嶺聖堂。其後 地。有羚羊,有鼎湖山,有名聞遐遹的七星巖和瀝湖,有出產觀石的大,在般含道建聖士提反堂,及聖士提反中學。又建會督府於饢鬥。繼復據截 至於英國聖公會,於八四四年,在香港中環聖保羅杳院,其後又

至於基督教在廣東傳道,以馬禮遜博士爲最先。清嘉慶七年,亦即公

回憶在香港的一個冬節 丘參

1 - 在西營盤戢設型士捷度女中,各校均辦理完善,卓蓉聲譽。

蘊齋

避彈室-同事们都日全家舰進來,對那天佳節 一棺關事,好在報館地牢的機器間,正是一所突然 天,轉已是中國人的多赘了。我在報谊裹 - 總

道:「教免且現檻中杯」呢。 少不免英酒區肴,及時行樂的。所以,杜甫也說彈,每枚也不到百磅,毀織性不至太兇,四五層之感。當局亦以四面受敵,彈盡援絕,於是實告 秋,重陽等,同樣受到民間風俗的重視。過多,靠着六七肝高的大厦,跏避鋅鎮。幸而當時的炸在北角海旁日陸的。如此疏散,真有點啼笑皆非 高的撲宇,便算中彈,也未必火爲本地的。至於投降了, 「天定爲多節,算是一個佳節,和滑明,端午,中時政府的機構,也是到德耱道中告羅士打行去,前哨,已在屋外數十種出現了。原來他們龙深夜 長的光陰,又漸漸回復過來了。自古以來,將這李啓芬,羅子政零,都在炮火聲中不幸死了。那到灣灣景擋友人家中。怎料濟學起來,日軍 「年二十四個節氣之一,從道天起,冬季日短夜一地過管礮危的日子。報界的知名人士,麥威饭,日軍將從九龍方面強涣到中環。因此,我們便逃 「小至,是多至前一民」。多全,是中國曆程射,居民真像是穩中氣,網內魚,戰戰競號中區居民,玩散到山地區,或到北角去,脱吳 掌中杯。」這是杜甫的小至誠,綠漪竟療雜記稱,携天天向遣孤島低飛轟炸,日炮天天向這孤岛計得快活時須快活」罷。不知麼,當局突然令 - 山意蚕寒欲放椎。耍物不殊鄉國異,故兒且覆|香港便據貴太平山孤島,和對方隔岸作戰了。日前而色不表」,倒不如說,「今日不知明日事,一 五款柔弱綫,吹設六類動浮灰。岸容待匯將計劃將,在尖沙咀半島酒店,作了總推揮部。於是,「大塊肉,大家痛飲一嗇。與其說是「泰山崩於 有朋友告訴我,從前有一位禪師+寫下許多

到了中午, 知道不悄不妙了,才慢感起來,不到。好不容易,在無可奈何的哦撰下,通過了十多 信由你

·好得四十年前的那天,正香港被日軍進攻|海軍船場,亦往福台,和現時灣樓對開廣場的

·隨之而抱莖法邊,人們違以爲是防空演图。後來一帶,少不免爲流彈殃及,無髙逃難的,也出不少繁華一夢泔」,正是應驗在香港淪陷時期,愆不

庚九路揮軍透侵九龍,清潑,飛機聲作性,微。而中環市區繁盛地點,以及灣仔莊士敦道||什麽的。其中有兩句:「鯉魚有白斑江海,百狀

,煤炭可危的時候。日軍在那年十二月八日,從砲兵臨時陣地,都成了敵方攻擊的目標,彈下如 預言的陳勝詩,待到有事實時,才了解它是指

「天時大事日根惰,多至陽生春又來。刺韓三天,九龍全部爲日軍佔據。日軍司令酒井陇中良辰,雖是「啾物不撼國異」,但依然大杯酒

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