the Versailles Settlement
(that settled the First
x 360
Q.
} cosx+cos2x+cos3x=0 cosxsinxcosx
-sin4x=0
proportion of their output.
(f) Climatic condition
also a determining
育致僑華頁三第張九第日九初月十年戌壬懸夏 WAH KIU YAT PO
報日僑華
二期星
日三廿月一十年二八九一联公年一十七國民车中
the excuse that Germany had been humiliated in
1983
中學會考試題預習專欄
=
歷史
(九)
HISTORY (9)
***
Philip Y.L. Woo
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
The two world wars (one in 1914-18, the other in 1939-45) made the 20th century very much different from previous centuries. It was more than a difference
in technology and civilization. In the olden days, only dynasties or empires fought against one another. They used professional armies, and the common people had little to do with the wars, except that they suffered from then. The se professional armies met
on a
certain battlefield, and the battle would last for days before either side retreated. One interesting feature was that in winter times all Wars Vere stopped, "It wa's a kind of gentleman's agreement that all.
countries kept, and failure to keep it would damage a country'. reputation badly.
In the two world wara, however, practically every city or village was turned into a battlefield. Whereas in the past only professional soldiers tried to kill one another, now one people tried to kill another people in the two world wars, Previously common people were killed only accidentally (as indeed the main purpose of an army was to beat the enemy army rather than to waste time and efforts killing common people), but in the two world Y vara common people were
intentionally slaughtered by massive bombings. It was the common people who (because of the
system of military conscription) had to take up weapons against each other.
But the background of the First World War was different from that of the Second World War. In the First World War no great power deliberately wanted war or provoked one Germany supported Austria to bully Serbia for fear of losing an ally (as Austria was Germany's only reliable ally at that time). Russia mobilized her armed forces against- both Germany and Austria for fear of losing face. again in Balkan affairs, Germany made war on both Russia and Trance on the calculation that as allies both of them would make war on her sooner or later. The war grew out of mutual distrust, fear, eagerness for prestige and miscalculation, but no power wanted a world war. If they had known the bloody results of the war, they would not have taken measures that led to it in the end.
Not go with the Second World War. This time the picture was more simple, We have Germany under Nazist rule on the one hand (and Italy under Fascist rule). On the other hand, we have powers like Britain, France, the USA and Soviet Luasia, With
World War) of 1919, Hitler conquered land in East Europe in the second part of the 1930s again. and again. First Germany marched on Austria (1938):
then on Czechoslovakia: (1938) and finally on Poland (1959). The excuse used by Hitler was that there were Germans living in these countries, and that Germany had the responsibility to protect them. The other powers. just watched and protest- ed in words, not acts. So Hitler thought he could go on like that forever. Gambling on the unwillingness of the other powers to act to stop him, he thought he could swallow one country after another. However, when German troops marched on Poland, the other powers were awakened, Poland. contained very few Germans, and this time Hitler could not use the excuse of uniting all Germans into one nation. So war was on. It was more simple than the First World War in that this time one
gide (Germany) committed underbted aggressions and tlie other side. tolerated until they: could no longer do so,
In the following, we are going to look at the background of the Second World War (1939–1945).
Perhaps many of the topics between the two world wars (1919-1939) you have already learnt. But it is one thing to know about these topics (like the rise if
Nazism, in Germany) and another thing to be able to relate them to the outbreak of the war: itself.
BACKGROUND OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR
1.Defents of the First World War settlement Many of the problems facing Europe were" } still unsolved after the First World War, such as:
Germany felt that she vas unjustly treated: by the Versailles, peace conference of 1919. When Hitler claimed to revive German power, many Germans listened to him, expecting that he could undo the humiliation of 1919.
The traditional balance of power between the great powers was destroyed, but a new international order that guaranteed. peace was absent. The fall of the Austrian Empire in East Europe was followed by the rise of small, inder pendent. but weak states. They could be easily conquered by
aggressors, especially when Soviet Russia (which replaced the fallen Taarist
government of pre-1917)
did not cooperate with. the Western powers like France in checking aggressors like Germany.
destructive wor. Many people in France and Britain wanted to. ©prevent war at all
cost. Dictators like Hitler and Mussolini knew this well, and made good use of the
fear to commit aggressions. d.Economies were
disrupted by the First World War. This led up to, in part at least, the Great Depression of 1929-30. The Great Depression had two important effects.
1. It led to the rise
of Hitlers Germany.
ii.Its harmful effects
preoccupied Western" powers like France and Britain and made them more and more unable to take positive steps to check aggressions,
2.From 1919 to 1929,
Europe slowly recovered: from the First World. War. But the peace was actually unreal, as later events were to show.
3. From 1930 to 1939,
Europe gradually stepped into war. a.After the Great
Depression, the Western powers:
(Britain, the USA, France) became
concerned about their interests only, rather than
cooperat-
ing with each other te safeguard peace.
b. Fascist Italy and
Nazist Germany made used of the opportunity to expand their
territories.
The Italian wor against Abyssinia in 1935.
ii.The German
annexation of Austria în 1938.
iii. The German threat to Czechoslovakia in 1938-39.
The German threat to Póland in 1939.
cent first, britain and
France tolerated the aggressions. One of the reasons was that many people felt the Versailles treaty with Germany to be really unjust, The. Western powers hoped to satisfy Germany with gains so that peace could he maintained. Historians call this "appenscment", which means trying to please dictators.
d. In the end, in 1939. it became clear that further appeasement Was useless. Thus war broke out between Germany and powers like Britain and
France. This marked
the outbreak of the
Second World War.
附加數
CAL
8A DA LI JA TEI W*#*# Additional Mathematics(9)
S.F. Ko
MILL & DALE PRESS LTI
Trigonometry (1)
Before the First World War Europeans were often optimistic about their culture.... Worked Exariples: After 1919, because of..
the harmful effects of 1. Solve the foll
the First World War, they became pessimistic about international. peace and, above all, feared the coming of another equally
equations for 60 (a) General equation
of type
acos x+bcosx=c
asin x+bsinx-c
2
(b) General equation
of type.
acosx+bsinx-c 3cosx+sinx 5
(e) General equation solved by making use of factor. formulae:
ition:
(u) gscer+sec.3×1
2see x+3sccx-2=9 (secx+2)(2secx−1)=0
secxor
COSK
for.
(rejected)
x=120
or 240°
Scosx+isánx¬5
Coscosx+sinêsînx=1
cos(x-9)×1
where tan
8±0 or 360'
-53 81
=413" 8" (which
is 360 and so is rejected)
0sx-cos2x=sin3x
-2sin(+)sin(2x)
sing
For sig
360°
2sin co
120",
For sing
sing - cos 0
sin
sin(90
-90° 3
45°
120°, 240
If A, B, C are angles of AABC,prove that sin2A+sin2B+81n20 -ginasinīsinc
Solution:
S.=2sin(A+B)cos{i−B)
+sin2c
(c) sin3x-sin4x+sin5x
Prove the following identities..
(1) aluxesiny+sinz
→sin(x+y+2)
=4sin(~+~)sin(~27)
sin()
(b) cosx+cos2y+cos!
1
-4cosxcosycosz
if x,y,z are angles
of a triangle.
་་
2
cos X+009 y+cos 2:
=1-2cosxedsycosz
if x+y+z=180′′′′
經濟 (A)
factor for certain industries since some
products are suitable to be produced
certain ty
of
climate. (g) a critical factor.
affecting location of industry is the existence of external ecpuonies of scale in an area, since a lot of advantages can be realized in such ë location,
(1) Finally, the
overarient as great. influences over the Location of an
industry and its
impacts are indeed
increasing nowadays.
明德出版社手臂米提供資料 Localisation of
陳勵德
ECONOMICS (9) -
KK, Long & L T. Chan
MTLL & DALE PRESS LTD.
LOCATION OF INDÚSTRY
Factors Affecting Location Of Industry
There are many factors. that affect the location of an
dustry. However,
many of tuese factors avo economic in nature and have a bearing on cost of production. Thus, the fundamental principle underlying Location of industry is the cost of production
the production of commodity tenis to be located where it can be carried on at the lowest unit costs of production. The following are Some
of the important factors affecting location of industry
(a) Land is, an important
influencing factor on location especially for industries which need more space and in a place like Hong Kong where land value is high. Thus, amply- supply of land et reasonable value is crucial to a particular industry. concerned. e.ge snipbuilding in Hong
Kong.
(b) Every industry needs
a certain amount of labour for its prednction. The quality and behaviour of labour are hoth important to many industries nowadays, Hence, there should be a sufficient supply of adéquately skilled labour at: reasonable cost available.
2sin(180°-C)cos(A-B)(c) Availability of rav
+2sinGeosc = =2sinCcos(A-B')
+sinccosC
-2sinC (cos(A→B)+cosC)
sine og(A-B) +cos(180 – (1+3] (as C-180-(A+B)) =2ginC [cog(A−B)
-cos(A+B)
sinc2sinin()
■4sinasinesinc
■R_J_S%
Exercise 5
1. Solve the following
equations for
* < 360°
(a) 2sinxcos2,
0
(b) 2siu x×1+C68x
(c) tan x-tanx+V
2
star
Solve the following equatious for
* 360°
(a) 3 tanx-4+2 secx
(b) √3cosx
inx
Solve the following. equations for
materials also affects the location This especially true in cases where raw materials are heavy or bulky and therefore expensive te transport. In such cases, proximity to raw materials can be a dominant factor on location of industry. (1) The supply
concessions of pover and water are also important in determining the location of an industry. (c) Accessibility to
markets is crucial for an industry and the impact of this factor depends upon. the nature of the product and the availability of suitable means of transport. Nearness to markets ie important for bulky products while ea sv access to ports is vital for industries which export a large
Industries
Advantages of
for
localisation of industry When an industry is... concentrated in one area the following advantages can be accruedi (a) If an industry is
highly concentrated in an area. it. becomes possible individual firms to specialise in single
in processes or particular varieties of a commodity. This division of labour will increase output and lower the cost of production.
(b) Localisation in
area enables
development of a reservoir of
an
labour force in that particular area. New firms will be attracted to the location because a supply of suitable skilled labour is available and. economies of scale will further be enhanced.
(c) When an industry is
highly concentrated. subsidiary and
ancillary industries will grow to meet
the needs of the major industry {d} Furthermore, the COMBUNÍ EV Day De benefited because the existence of aLL organised industry.
ane warket.c.fo various quodg and services may be available in fairly adequate quantitie
Disadvantage.
ities.
localisation of industry
also
However, there are disudvantages for localisation of industry and they are:
(a) If an area is
dependent on a single hasic industry, there will be the risk of structural unemploy ment resulting from u change in demand. If a highly localised industry, declines, mass unemployment in. that area may result, even though the rest. of the country is enjoying full employment.
(b) Extreme localisation
will bring about many social problens such as overcrowding, lack of open spaces, traffic, congestion etc. (c) As mentioned before, Jocalisation may bring about external economies of scale and lower the cost of production. However, extreme localisation may mean keen competition for available land, labour etc, and this will bid up the prices of the re factors. Thus, higher instead of lover costs of production may then be resulted.
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