1982-10-23 — Page 23

報日僑華

育教備僑頁三第張六第日七初月九年戌壬愿夏

WAH KIU YAT PO

1983

中學會考試題預習專欄

經濟及公共事務室

"ECONOMICS & PUBLIC

AFFAIRS

K.K. Wong & L.T. Chan

Mill & Dale Press Ltd.

Factors of production I. Factors of production Since production is defined as any activity directed to satisfy human wants by manufacturing goods and services with the assistance of available resources, the producers require a number of inputs in production, For

example, for growing crops, cultivated land, irrigation m

machinéry and workers are needed.

The

or inputs

in the

production process

are- termed factors of

production in

economics. They

include all the

productive resources. in human economy.

Therefore, factors of production can be defined resources

goods and services in order to satisfy- humans wants.

There are four factors of production, namely, land, capital, labour and

entrepreneur. Land and capital are called the non-human factors

vhere labour and the entrepreneur fre

called human factors. The production units

1983

中學會考試題灦預習專欄

化學

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CHEMISTRY (5)

Reginald W. Chu

Mill & Dale Press Ltd,

Question 7

The set-up of

apparatus as shown below

is used to prepare sulphur trioxide in laboratory

anhydrous calcium chloride

catalyst

gixture

of Son & On

H9501

heat

ice+ water mixture

receiver

sulphur trioxide: crystals

(a) Give the equation of the formation of sulphur trioxide.

(1) Give the name of a

suitable catalyst in the above reaction.

(c) What is the purpose

of passing the gasOUS

reactants through

cone H2SO?

(d) What does solid

(the individual

enterprisings are firms) could make full use of the factors of production by

combining them in the more appropriate way so as to achieve the greatest output and maximize the profit.

Land:

Land refers not only to the site where production activities. can be carried out, but also the natural resources made a available from the nature. Therefore land includes agricultural land industrial site, mineral resources, forests, mountains, seas, grasslands and

Land is

cline regarded as a⠀

often

free gift of nature because it is

provided for everyone in the society. Furthermore,

land

also limited in supply.

2. Capital:

Capital

those

resourcea or goods which are employed in every stage of production. Usually, the capital. goods are not needed directly for

immediate consumption and they are used for further stages of production to make consumer goods directed to the handa of consumers. Labour:

Labour refers to all actual effort, mental and physical, skilled and unskilled, applied to the production of

(e) Why is a drying bulb containing anhydrous

calcium chloride.

attached to the receiver?

(f) Only initial beating

of the catalyst is

needed and once the

reaction has started,

no more heating is required. What does

this tell you about

the nature of the reaction?

(g) Why does the catalyst

needed to be heated

at all?

(h) What volume of

sulphur dioxide, measured at s.t.p., would be reacted in

obtaining 3.2 g of sulphur trioxide? In Contact Process sulphur trioxide obtained is first dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid but "not directly in water. Why is this step taken?

Describe what would you observe, giving equations where appropriate, in each of the following- simple experiments.. (1) A mixture of

sodium chloride, manganese(TV) oxide and ? concentrated sulphuric acid is heated.

(ii) A mixture of

potassim.

nitrate, copper turnings and concentrated

sulphuric acid is

heated.

Question 8

sulphur trioxide look (a) What would you like?

observe on heating

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goods and services and for which payment to labour is called wages, Because labour is a human factor in production, the provision of labour. depends upon population, mobility of labour and the social and psychological aspects of the workers... 4. Entrepreneur:

Entrepreneur is a human factor separated from labour. Entrepreneurship refers to the organization ability and managerial skills in production. It is because the

entrepreneur have to combine and fully utilize the e other three factors of production în business decision- making. In other words, the

entrepreneur may be the industrialists or the managers in the production unit. He or she has to make vital decisions of policy regarding the method of production. to be employed and the quality of the output. In addition to receiving residual profit, the

entrepreneur bears the risk of production because firm may have the chance to suffer loss II. The law of

diminishing.

turns.

Supposing that the production of a commodity require two factors of production, land and labour. If successive units of a variable factor

gently some iron(II) sulphate crystals: (FeSO,

4 720) in a

dry test-tube?

The residue obtained

is (a) is then heated strongly and the gaseous products formed are dissolved

a distilled in some water in a boiling tube to give aolution X2 -

(1) Name the

substance(s)

present in the gaseous products?

(ii) Give the names of

the main ions present in the solution X and the equations of their formation. (iii) White

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precipitates are observed on adding neutral barium chloride solution into solution X. Name the compound(s) which might be present in the precipitate and give the ionic equation(s) for its/their formation, What would you

observe if an

excess of dilute. hydrochloric acid is added to the precipitate and the mixture is gently heated? Explain briefly, giving the equation(8).

(v) What left behind in the test-tube

after strong

heating is a

brown solid Y.

(1)What is the

reddish-bi

solid Yo

one whose amount can

六期星

very) are added to a given quantity of a fixed factor (one⠀⠀⠀ whose amount cannot be altered). The addition of more and more units of the variable factor will in the end lead

to a decline in the additional output resulting from the addition of an extra unit of the variable factors.

For example, in the production of wheat: we are using various alternative quantities of labour per unit of time to farm a fixed amount of land and recording the resulting alternative, outputs of wheat per unit of time.

The average product of labour (AP- ) is

then defined as total product(TP) divided by the number of units of labour used. The marginal product of Iabour (MP. is given

by the change in TP per unit change in the quantity of labour used. In

below landble

measured in acres labour in man-years and total product(TP) in bushels.

(2) |(3) (4) (5)

Land Labour TP AP. MP.

L

อ :0 ...0

3 3

3

8 4

12

15.3 3/4

17 5 2/5

17 2

16.2

13 1

(2)Give an

equation for its formation (3)Whet mass of

iron(II) -sulphate

crystals is required to give 3.2 g the solid Ÿ on strong heating? (4)A yellowish-

brown solution Z is obtained on heating gently solid Y with dilute sulphuric

acid, What is the solution Z and what is responsible for its yellowish- brown colour?

(c) (1) Name two simple

compounds composing of sodium, sulphur and oxygen atoms

(ii) Give the

respective oxidation numbers of sulphur in the two

compounds mentioned in (4). (iii) on reacting with

aqueous bromine solution, one of the two compounds mentioned in (1) is converted to the other. (1)With reference to the changes in the

oxidation

numbers, state whether

sulphur is

oxidized or

reduced in the above,

reaction.

(2)Give an

TRAPL

日三十月十年二八九一圈公年一十七國民華中

According to the diagram,

the MP,

rises at first, reaches marinum (before the APL reaches its maximum) and then declines. The MP becomes zero

when the TP is

assumption that the state of technology is

given and that no

Tew

production methods are

întroduced during any.

period in which thie Law applies.

III.The application of the law of diminishing returns.

Labour Jon

maximum and negative when the TP begins to

decline. The following position of the MP

a sure illustrate the law of diminishing returns.

The law of diminishing returns states that if one factor of production is increased by small, constant amounts, all other factor quantities being held constant, then after some point the resulting increases in an output become smaller and smaller.

This law is propounded only on the

equation of the reaction.

(d) What would happen

when a large. copper(II) sulphate crystal is partly immersed in some cone sulphuric acid as shown below for some time? Explain briefly.

conc

H.SO,

Question 9

tent-tube

a large copper(II) sulphate crystal

(a) 2,64 g of a solid

pixture of ammonium sulphate and potassium sulphate is weighed out into a flask

em

$350

of 0.5M potassium hydroxide solution and the mixture is then boiled so as to expel all the ammonia gas. The resulting solution is completely neutralized

of a by 12.5 cm solution containing sulphuric

19 bic

acid

dinetre (1)Write the

equations of

the reactions

involved.

(ii) Calculate the

composition by mass of the

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Land is subject to the law of diminishing returns.

Land is a factor which particularly suffered from

Land)

the law

of diminishing returns. If the certain quantity of the factor land is given, with the land the entrepreneur combines increasing quantity of land or capital. It is found that sooner. or later the addition of further quantities of labour and capital would result in diminishing returuS, As a result, the output per unit of the additional factors would be decreasing.

Other factors of productions are also subject to the law of diminishing returns,

Today, the theory. diminishing returns: retricts not only land in production, but also the other productive factors such as labour, capital and. entrepreneur. Because of the increasing. scale of production, the loss in production would be, more. possible.

original mixture (b) Four elements W, X,

Yand 2 have the

electronic structures

(G).1, [6].4, [G].6 and (G). 7

respectively, where (G) represents the electronic/ configuration of an inert gas.

(1) Using W, X, Y and Z as the chemical

symbols, give the

formula of g

(1) a compound

formed by W and Z

(2)a c

compound Q formed by W- and Yi

a compound R

formed by X

and Y

compound S formed by X. and Z

(ii) State the type of

bond present în the compounds Q and S

respectively. (iii) Using the

outermost shells only, draw diagrams to show the electronic structure of the compounds Q and S respectively. (iv) The element Z

actually consists of diatomic molecules under normal"

conditions.

(1) What would.

its molecular

formula most

likely be?

(2) Draw a

diagram to

show its

molecular

atructure.

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