1982-06-10 — Page 28

日十月六年二八九一座公年一十七闔民華中

報日僑

四期星

其三第張士第一日九十月四閏年戌壬曆裒 WAH KIU YAT PO

育教濟經

本港新聞

中國投資會議初有進展

實際成果一年後才明確

自 雙方均表示有州地 行第二輪治談,更有數東省的做法,對於沒流,字塔程濟學 個項目中,在十四攝波、林、工資、北鐺健讯及「成北话剧恩碑。正像 八二年四月,

#14 EXTER DERERS

儷投犸目如甘櫙[∫ 华俳優資或播代夜術的一,此外,芝加得第一

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BERKESZE 入個取消。由於中力 可以與外鸯合作风暖的

一有個投資項目中,有中原

原

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NEESACT

、帶來健微的

111 YSREG

的部分。現時為止,一事略 公司及案实录行室

新境多少目。

伊米有資料翠示舍离外

開社謖,都須在會顯期三二五美元。 (二)部份已與外酸爽,昨日價格爲卅三至形 籬召開之前建成協議;贴二五至卅三站五美元 (REET SZEXCUTE! EXTREMEX - 2549EKAUDS *E*R**< 45÷URS A

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油處理廠及定,此

另一個項目的資料,故此在一行都菜悄兒替 會上造成合作協樣的低,一九七四年一月至七 半,許多參與的外國公三千,於一九七年,亦將装配们以当除 ressverres AKISKARC-F CRXAEFEND,

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機械工程服務。“ 日本鋼管公司近晚上

出口逾二百萬噸

際會,包括

直達國際機將興建三億。

噸

百五十瀘峰,今段性的改變。 |||| 池個貨將何檢出更多的商業部長將出,在削件設備等, 去五個月來,家米已轍,使貿易方面有了靈活,石油化工廠提供六低音。 [ [黄谷在過 方與收自由貿易刺股 港元根宇及瑞阿珠巴爾

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竹-衬些股產品在出口、花椒

【五個月來 國能夠輸出

1982

中學會考試題預習專欄

歷史科凍旅參考資料

明德出版社提供

d

Describe the effects of

the following on the

Chinese Communist

Movement from 1935 to. 19492

A. The Long March

Bo The Second Sino-

Japanese War

(a) khat to include

Both A and B. above have different

effects. Some of

these effects might

be about the

relations between the KMT (Kuomintang) and the CCP (Chinese- Communist Party).

Some of the effects -might be about other

things. This question aska you to pinpoint et those affects that influenced the development of the Chinese Communist - Movement only, Was the Movement badly affected by them? In what ways? How? In other words,

concentrate on A. B. Don't write

loosely on anything

and

ahout the Chinese Communist Movement. (b) The following are the

main points you can include in an essay on such a question:

Effects of the Long March on the CCP Territorially, having arrived in Northern Shensi (after the

March), the Communists could

settle down to

re-gain their lost

strength. Yenan, would #gon become the centre of # Creat effort to re-build the Communist Movement. There, ** will be seen, the

would have

sufficient time and ppportunity to

atablish a new base gren to begin

again.

rally, the

Long March had a far-reaching Linfluence on the

Chinese Communist Giovene uti.

First, the succes ful completion of the Long March atrongthened Mac “Tse-tung'a belief sthat men with a Estrong will and

powerful revolution- ary consciousnesa *could conquer all

material _difficulties,

b. Secondly, the CCP

Smembera who

completed the Long March were filled with a renewed sense of hope and a deepened sense of mission.

Thirdly, brotherhood

among the top CCP loaders was strengthened, a factor that helped explain the success

of Communism in

China later.

Fourthly, Communist virtues such as

unending struggle. unselfishness,

heroic sacrifice and courage were born during the Long

March

Politically, Mao Tee-tung once again rose to the top leadership during the Long March, When the Communiste reached a town in Kwei chow, Maor re-gained top political power in a collective leadership. This had two effects. Mao and the new leaders decided to give the Long March a goal and a purpose

"Go North (to Shensi) to fight the Japanese". This patriotic act proved to win for the Communista much social support in the country. It_____ partly, explained the victory of Communism in 1949.

Russian influence in the Chinese

Communist Movement was finally and completely nhaken. uff.

Militarily, the Communists had gained valuable military experience in the many

battles fought with the KMT troops during the Long March.

Effects of the Second Sino-Japanese War on the CCPNS Expanding influence in China's large countryside →

The CCP intended to make good use of the war period (when the KMT had been driven to Southwest China) to extend ita political influence in China's large countryside, since effective Japanese occupation was limited to urban ereas only.

ii. Reasons for the

CCP's successful expansion during the Second Sino-Japanese War

The retreat of the KMT - The Japanese invasion had forced the KMT to withdrav, together with many of the pro-KMT gentry-landlords, to Southwest China. In this way, the political control that the KMT had had over China at large was cut off. 2. Japan's lack of

enough manpower to effectively control Chinese territories

In China after

12220

1937, the Japanese aggressora could effectively conquer only the cities and the chief communi- cation lines in between them, not the large rural areas. China's large countryside

therefore left exposed to the expansion of Communist activities,

was

5. The CCP's

familiarity with the guerrilla strategy.- Different from the KMT men, the

Communi ats were experienced at guerrilla activities and concentrated on such a military. strategy, which was suitable for the War-time situation. The success of the CCP in politically organizing the peasanta Such a success enabled the CCP to establish a solid base in the countryside. Peasant nationalism and peasant support rivau to the Communita

ibi, Replacing the KMT

in national leadership

By taking up the national mission of anti-Japanese

resistance, the CCP. tried to gain for itself respect from among the Chinese people. The aim was to replace the KMT in China's national. leadership.

Extent of the CCP'a influence

By 1945, the CCP had already established. control ove

over 19

guerrilla bases, most of which were in North and Central China. The

territories held by the Communists, vère. as large as 1/3 of all China.

Conclusion The KMT extermination campaigns in the early 1930s nearly destroyed the Chinese Communist Movement is However, both the Long March and the Second Sino-Japanese War saved the Chinese Communists. In addition, they were given a chance to extend their influence in the vast countryside during the war, whereas the KMT stayed in Southwest China in the same period. After 1945, KMT troops hurried back to the main cities, but they were no match for the surrounding ver Communists. In 1949 the Communiata proclaimed the People's Republic of China,

5.

Between 1870 and 1914 the major European great powers were divided into two opposing: alliance campe. Explain how and why this happened.

(=) What to include –

Clearly this question asks you about the Alliance System. The "how" part in easy to answers Simply describe the

alliances and their formation in a chronological way, and this is it, However, don't foreget to answer the "why" part. You are not asked (strictly speaking) about the specific reasons for a great power joining a certain alliance, If you put in reasons of this kind when mentioning the alliances, there is no problem. But remember to discuss the general reasons why all the great povere made alliances. with each other during the period. Lastly, as you are

the ways how the Alliance System - contributed to the outbreak of the First World War, there is not much use mentioning them.

(b) The following are the

main points you may include in on eesay on such a question:

The Dreikai serbund of 1873 (Germany,

Austria and Russia

– Bismarck wanted to isolate France by this agreement between the threë powers. They agreed to keep the status- que unchanged. However, since Austria and Russia were bitter rivals in the Balkans, sooner or later Germany would be forced to choose either of them alone Kor an alliance.

The Dual Alliance of 1879 (Germany and Austria) - In. 1879 Bismarck chose Austria. The main reasons, were that Austria vas a German state and that Germany could control Austría; but not Russia, In the allfance, the

powers promised to help each other militarily or to remain neutral,

The

(Germany Austria and Italy)

Au 1885e Alliance

* "lways

one: powers,

- Italy had wanted to

of the great Her conflict of interest with France in North Africa led Italy join the Dual Alliance.

The Re-insurance Treaty of 1887′′

(Germany and (Russia) Although

allied with Austria Bismark wanted. Russian friendship too, This was (because he feared Jan alliance between

R

Russia and France,

which would mean

enemies of the two fronts of Germany. Therefore a treaty of friendship was signed with Russia. Russia did not know about the Dual Alliance, as it was kept in med

secret.

v. The Franco-Russian

Alliance of 1894 (France and Russia) - After the fall of Bismarck from pover Kaiser William II dropped the 1887 treaty with Russia, This lod France and Russia to come: together in an Alliance. France had always" wanted to break away" from isolation, and Russia vas in search of an ally, neeing that Germany and Austria were allied to each other.

Britain abandoning her traditional isolationist policy ➡ All the other great powers hadị allies except Britain. So Britain thought or abandoning her 'Splendid Isolation'.

vii, Reasona for

-Britain abandoning

isolationism —

„Germany' #

participation in imperial

expansion (but imperial expansion had been Britain's most important concern), Germany's build- up of her navy that competed with Britain's.

(and British s mastery at sea had been a tradition).

The Anglo-French Entente (Dual Entente) of 1904 (Britain and France) In that year, Britain and France settled their differences over colonial matters. However, the entente was just a friendly agreement and not

a full alliance (members of which promised to help. each other. militarily)

ix. The Triple Entente

of 1907 (Britain, France and Russia After 1904, France tried to draw Britain and. Russia together. In 1907, the two powers settled their colonial differences. in a way similar to the Dual Entente. Therefore the Triple Entente was formed, Europe vos divided into two armed camps in this way.

Conclusions

Why did

the great povera join one of the two

alliance camps during the period 1873 to 1907:

(1)Fear of French revenge - This explained

efforts

the

Dreikaiserbund and the Dual Alliance. After the Franco- Prussian War of 1870-71 (in which France vas A defeated and after which a unified Germany come into boing), Bismarck. fused a network of

alliances to igolate France. A® long as Britain remained

uncommitted to continental allfances, Germany would be in a superior position.

(2)Fear of Germany's superiority – The German unification bad the effect of arousing fear or jealousy from among the other great powers, especially France and Britain. Sev France concluded the Franco-Russian Alliance with Russia in 1894 in an attempt to counteract Germany's alliance with Austria. Later, Britain joined France and Russia in the Triple Entente for the same reason of a general fear of German power, especially aa Germany started to: rival Britain in imperial expansion and naval mastery in the late 1890s.

(3)Imperialism and

nationalism - The late 19th century.

was an are of

intense imperial- ism and national- ism. This basically explain. ed the formation of alliances. The great powers feared each other. For were jealous of

each other. So :- they found allies so that their enemies dared not attack them. The purpose was at first defensive.

Later,

since the 1900s, however, the Alliance System encouraged. great powers like. Germany and Austria to take. offensive actions in diplomacy, they knew that they had allies depend on