1982-04-21 — Page 17

iii.Military reform

carry out a palace

育教僑華頁一第張五第

日八廿月三年戌壬夏

WAH KIU YAT PO

中學會考試題預習專欄

a. Reorganization and

modernization of

1982

歷史(廿八)

明德出版社胡應亮提供資料

HISTORY (28) 續

Philip Y. L. Woo

「MILE & DALE PRESS LTD.

e. Establishment of

primary and

secondary schools. in the provinces for the study of both Chinese and Westera subjects.

f. Publication of an

official newspaper.

ii.Government

administration

a. Abolition of

sinecure: posta

(jobs with a salary but involving ne. work) ving

-unnecessary: offices

(heluding the

governorships of a few provinces. Appointient of

progressive-minded officials in

government...

Introduction of stricter:

discipline for

- civil servants.

Measures to check corruption. Improvement: in administrative. efficiency by

removing delays and

by developing a

new,.simplified

administrative

procedure. Creation of 12 new

Ministries to replace the old 6 Hoarde

( traditionally- responsible for top government

administration in

Peking).

Encouragement of

reform suggestions

from private

citizensw

the army s

Founding of

militia forces (part-time

soldiers for local self-defence).

Economic reform Promotion of railway

construction. Promotion of agricultural, industrial and commercial developments. Founding of banks. Encouragement of inventions, Preparation of a government budget

RESULTS

The reform movement only,

lasted for 103 days. 1.Most of the reforms were

Dot carried out. Only in the province of Hunan, where there was a governor sympathetic to the reform, was a serious attempt made to put into effect tie Emperor's decrees fi.At first, the Empress

Dowager and other high. officials like Chang Chih-tung and Weng T'ung-ho were

not opposed to the idea of reform. But as conservatives, they disliked the radical changes proposed by K "ang and the Emperor Opposition to the reform grew.~~ iii.Many top conservative:

officinls, eunuchs. and Manchus begged the: Empress Dowager. to take over power and rule herself so as to stop the reform movement.

iv.The young reformers

feared that the

er would Empress Dowager: sooner or later interfere and depose

They

the Emperor.

therefore planned to

開週學工葵

放五院業涌

獎領日同生院學業工

報日僑華

revoit hy.capturing the Empress. They asked Yuan Shih-k'ai to support them with troops. However, Yuan betrayed the Emperor and the reformersby telling the Empress Dowager everything about the intended'. revolt.

The Empresa Dowager immediately imprisoned the Emperor, took over the government, and gave orders to arrest the reformers, six of whom were capturedand:

killed. K'ang Yu-wei and Liang Ch'i-ch'ao

however, warned. were in time to escape

abroad. Most of the

reform measures were cancelled.

REASONS FOR THE FAILURE OF THE HUNDRED DAY- REFORM:

A. Reform on paper.

Many of the reform measures were not put into practice.

B. Opposition to the

reform

The reforms attacked both Chinese tradition and the self-interests of many people. i.Conservatives felt

that the political tradition of the dynasty had been violated by the reforms. They felt that K'ang and his followers intended to destroy Chinese culture'.

The Empress Dowager and her followers believed that the reform was just an excuse used by the Emperor and K'ang. Yu-wei to struggle for political.power. iii. The abolition of the Eight-legged essay, together: with changes in. the educational

system, ruined the

三期星

日一廿月四年二八九一曆公年一十七國民華中

The lack of effective

future of students who had been. preparing for the

C.

political power

Without strong.

traditional

political power, no

government examinations, iv.The abolition of

sinecure posts and governorships

ruined the future of many officials. v. The appointment of

young, new and progressive-minded scholars to the government endanger- ed the political career : of many existing officials..

vi.Many Manchus

believed that the new reform measures vere especially directed against them, because:

quite a number of -conservative

Manchu officials. had been dismissed from the the Central goverament; ball the young

reformers were Chinese;

.K*ang Yu-wei came from South China, where there was strong anti-

趨

Manchu tradition. vii.Changes in the

military forces threatened the privileges and livelihood of the Manchu bannermen

and the Chinese Green Standard: Army (traditional Ch'ing. armies). i The attack on

corruption was unwelcomed by

those officials who got rich by this unlawful practice.

ix.Palace eunuchs who

were favoured by Tzu-hsi feared

that administrative reforms would reveal their.

practise of

corruption.

reform could be effectively carried

out.

i The Empress. Dowager

powerful:

Bekuence at the

Ch'ing court

ii.Regional decentrali-

zation - Ever since the Taiping

lebellion (1851-1864 <4 €), the

dynasty's political: power had been decentralized. Peking's control over the provinces was getting weak and was on the decline. The inexperience of the reformers

L.Both K'ang Yu-wei

and Liang Ch'i-ch'ao had no.previous experience in administration.

Their knowledge of Western institutions.

VHS,MOreover,

limited.

In carrying out reforms, they were. not tactful enough.

In three months time, they armed at doing away with all of China's problems at one blow.

E. The lack of popular support from the. common people Reformers like K'ang Yu-wei came from the acholar class. They had little

with and n

support of

people.

K'ang Yu-wei's radical ideas

To Confucian. conservatives, K'ang was a traitor to Confucianism. Conclusion: Many of the reform measures. were not

actually practised. But one could doubt whether they would

succeed even if they

were really put into practice.

EFFECTS OF THE HUNDRED. DAY REFORM.

A. The re-establishment

of conservative power The Empress Dowager: came back with full power to the Ch'ing court and re-appointed die-hard conservative Manchus to. top

official positions.

B. The growth of an anti- foreign: attitude at the Ch'ing court In 1898, as the Empress Dowager tried to arrest the: reformers, K'ang Yu- wei and Liang Chi秋 ch'ao were helped to: escape from China by the British and the Japanese respectively: Consequently, anti-. foreign feelings were strong.at the Ch'ing court. This factor partly led to the Boxer Uprising in

·1900-01,

C. The disappointment.

with reform as a way. to save China The failure of the Hundred Day Reform: seemed to prove that reform from the top was useless. More and" more Chinese came.to believe that in order: to save China, the Manchu dynasty (which opposed: change) must be overthrown, and revolution from the bottom must be carried out.

D. The way for continued

reform efforts Although the Empress. Dowager was opposed to the Hundred Day Reform, the Tetorn measures that were introduced had an unforgettable impression on her.

f. The birth of modern Chinese nationalism The enthusiastic

organization of nation-saving groups like the Study,

教學語言調查

一位「英文中學

·致泰語會調查」正在

教

育

首屆初中成績!

告書顯示

篇水流

篇河流

有關,在新的政策擬 備受注視的語文政策

*各格進行,粗续进次 游查的及教育置。... 調查當然和及近

打之前,先來一次灣查研究,當然是明智之

考生中英兩科成績 一般表現較預期低

四成五學生認爲測驗卷較校内考試 教署問卷向預試學生徵詢意見 百分五十一認爲練習有帮助值得進行

「 有點懷疑塑查結果的凖饃性:因爲教師填報

七全部粵語。 (五) 粵語輔以英語,《火》幾乎全部粤港

·三)英語輔以粵語(四】英语粤语各半, (一)全部英雄,二行幾乎全部英語,人

消查表格把可能出現的情况分舜七類... 口語?」答案分學生與教師兩欄。: 一:「貴校教師與學生在教事時現今採用何種

·調查分科分級進行,主笑回答一個問道

师援各餐中英數用 *

三十元附送去届试剂

均特做八折優待

由不-

份: 而其中有二三五名的一覶優待證」一張。蚂棘 第三版亦有兩科齬市, 名學生中,共有一五四 新分配往校近居所的學 unmiom s 二二百份八十一签 其他僅餘小量存。

:, 液位棲果在七月下 三四名學生申請轉校,容讓書本及發給「明 在其餘的一八九九一一朗佈會考模擬似」

自公佈*之段共有二

導入二年考生而出版之一

明德

學校自行分配學位

因移民,或在原校褛得

生 术前往建研的理由是 未前往生册而空出。學 學位是山於獲派時孿生 | 閧居甚遠。這些額外 |理由,戒街派學校常

調查表的設計可探周群恰當,但是我仍

英語」,却要報「英語輔以野講」。

·影响自己前途,明明上蹀時是「粤語輔以, 時可能有點碌,拍照實與霰會使校長不滿意,

行政接寄回教署,教師放心據實以寫,其准

· 如果調查格能不經校方,而由敢師自

考社

束籍五週至延

五資料之明

臉特來

爲數非蟒

力方面之表現,一般比預期爲低。

中文及英文兩科之成約,均比預期望者爲低。 首届初中成敏評核報告書昨發表,顯示考生」 何練習。.. r d )〔傳精式之期日)閔券認爲:學生於書寫雅會給予大量習。 米過高。至於供英文中學學生作答之卷乙,腿卷一其餘百分六七則表示無意見。 據閱卷之評論指出,學業能力低落之學生一爲似得,而其餘百分四十九韶婚不値得。 民報稱語多學生米能何容波後一題,故測驗卷容,問卷內亦問及學生是否認成植得進行練習。

根據報告游推出;中文科測驗(第二部份|樣性質之調查,只有百分之四十八學生承認學校 唱,牧育署助理署長〔策劃及建役 》 李越据及高:-:大約有百分之一左右是中途返學者。但教署已|阅爲學校爆行的研时化中學繼續升學、

至於英文科方面,供中文中學學生作答之卷;百分五十五認爲練習之帮助不大,百分之八神 據指出:教署初中成独件找組人員,台視「消其原讀之中四台助學位。(二)學生一段中強核辦法,以及正董計系,五itt,五一,成參加「諾東。。 极

特枫週延長三天,來一 致育主任(初中成精体核辦法,關定阼日下,將此等中途退學學生採取多項嚴實體施,包括:上討論。研討會時的目、部份理由未定 (一)若無故中途說學,輕教署查明範實,將取的是使學校人員認識評 | 未能完成初驗卷末之「依據提示寫作」部份。非學生於調整測驗中之表現;百分五十一學生證 導致該等差異的原因。應付原被中三結業生的灣仔謝菲道二九九號地 甲,根據問卷員之意見,卷之還有可能營爲要三認爲練習對準備调整段內成精蹀駐並無帶助,J程議兩大校內考試|來日後有賽助中國學位價通 或過長,約百分之十卷甲戊百分之大卷乙學生,蓋學位之分配乃以經翻整之校内衣掂爲根據,而人員到校查訪,以尋求校,但其學位數字不足月十三日開始,在該社

·問卷又示:百分三十學生認得練習有助| 磁性必然高得多。」 ,但據李越据在會上解釋;敦署於本年會作同 至於中四學生中述選學情形,機關定輝指出在一九八一年大—七月,有多新中四學位的食助,考測驗特價遜」,由於

一粒,如校內成耘與調整的私立學位,或是設有 一 的原因適各學校,並新開辦的資助中學,或門市部舉辦之「明德發 改署已將有關引起差異,需求。這些學生已派往著一海外信託銀行 測驗成績不符,則教署 資助中四學位的資助學一學暖居會考生 • 由木 二年度中.

爲優待八

· 日來者案;特

午,向新聞界解報告本要點。

在一九八一年共有,水月廿二日(星期五)

因素影明之直搅意見。

根據報告桁指出;大部份學生認爲,若將满一再无回原讚之學校。 一成之學生做阿意見。由於問卷乃於預棣遊行期間一位。(三)至於因受到係讀學校纪律诫分而被開 由學生臟察,故所徵集者戀可視為不受外來任何,除學位者,經教署查明屬實後,若該生华融不絕,資助中四派位, 一份問卷,向全術一九八一年二、三月間舉行預一週生,查明屬實,將不另派其他學校中四变助學校內成績的技巧。 過十五侯者,縱使再獲機會重派學位,但將不會

一〇五二名學生人工會考參考書或初中成績 資助中四學位,而另有 明德北門市購買中學 | 人數百份五十八,獲派特盛週期内,凡在

三至於校內外成粕差距之問題,改器曾向一五校内农税,以及家長選 诚,係以學生經調整

· 资助中四學位的分

探校症

|學生認爲前者較難,百分廿五覺得兩者之差易强 有關爲凖備測驗之源燈,百分之七十五學生

整校內成績即繞我與校內考試卷柑校,百分十 之衲驗雞樣本練習,而其餘百分之三則並無作任 ·四学位之名次編排、八成》 分之四十五則認為調整校內成被測驗卷校校內考,有差距,但差距原因不算嚴重。而教署只在百分

•版商脚印之替作。直分)二十二只探用教育署提供融码本校中四就賽者,但教業並不打算將學校形。優先還發,一九八一年 永昭學校會給予大量練習,包括奶驗樣本及出指出:有許多和学校是獲得其本校中三全部學生 本校省第一志願,將 度差異不大,百分十九未遂作出比較,而其驗百八間学校作調查。原因是個别学生的校内外应褂,據志願而定。······ 六十至百分九十有差距示者,始作。“設有實物中四學位的 :學校家中四學位之最高數字問,談關定類、學校而其獲選的學生還 得減低轉校 起見

派生爆

成

校内與調整測驗成績不符 [威精選戲戲是在一,而其中,大六九 八一年一月九日舉行 人或百份八十根梭此一

攸福善請助救日

歸有

華

養解 學童報 僑

教校

初署

校辦法是根據學 比較,由於選派時只計、部的設施。 業學生升讀賣助高中學 調整校內成染,俾不同 人盈會向廉政公署路煦 的目的,是選派中三三個基本學科的測驗以於進行策劃初期,教署

·初中成縱評核辦法,包括中、英文及其他政府部門的代表。 位或工業學院。在學校的學生得獲公平的,並運用政府資料統計

·初中成績評核報告書重點指出 教署人員將到校調查原因

六人退出。第一次校內生獲派資助中學位, 共有五1f,五二一名學

期

◎請設計建築新趨勢

六)下午二時半在該院,作公開學術講座,以

室內設計與建築新趨勢」題,歡迎

·名建築師何要惠華庭杳院請本月廿四日(星

哈佛建築院士何

一年一月中旬及五牙中「校,其餘的學生多數是 学校分别在一九八,棗屬」選擇而獲派到原

:、社會科及中國影史, 就調整祕驗。 科及實用科,包括商科初中成核酒有姿色

生在中三學年的中期及「算經過繕整的校內成材 修學校的學生,則其工 是由教育署處理,並逐流,而在年中共有二三電話:「三——九四〇五一一」。 至於工業中學及亞業先,初中成續評核辦法【學生名參加評核辦法,“該院地址:九龍旺角花囡街華夏書院,查詢 文、中文、數學、理科 改變課程及惚間天去叠在一九八○年九月二世界著名大建築師格羅比斯得意門生,美國哈佛 校內成鱵包括科目爲英 年間已動告學校,無須· 評核報告杳晏點包括如: 任建築師,「逐水灣國際學校」建築師,何氏乃 「年終考試成禎作還派,,敎育署早於一九七六一九八一初中成緒「最佳建築設計」獎-詩「香港藝術中心大阿」主 引起差異原因 無時共有九二十九八〇茗 大學 研究院院士。

̇何氏爲菡際知名孻築師-學習「香港建築。

已的成綴,亦普予日計台供親見,太員會 應增第三大學第二理工

1类業下午十二時半至四時四十五分

防·興盛薳二十號,於一九七五年

歡迎各界發 院之一,設有商業、電機工程

葵涌工業學院,位於葵涌 、機械工程和紡級聲製衣工 技工人材,以通應本港工業的

葵涌 5 工業學院定於星期五)二十三 丁日)舉行開放日。開放時間爲

評根辦法並有一項一葉學院,香港考試局和 求作公平比類型中學的代表,及工

·由融業調蒗局菇理的葵

員包括教育署人員:各

夜間碟程六十三班和短期課程十分,有學生約四 一課務十八班,日間部份時間給假制課程五十班

千六百人......

·五固工業學院亦於是日下午二時三十分假嘅行。

|論來者讀

-

決條件必须得到滿足「證書課程。癈諾之,我 和其他大專院校的地位,使其能頒授學位 、宋之前,我們相信一些|

我們歡迎其他大專院校帕來攻贊成立第三間大學 成立第二間是工人: 「經期而有效地解决火,須降至最低程度。而且

的大學教育途徑。不過 在職人士的數目比例更 香港大 再學位不足的方法。但必須不容許任何學生同

一新生方面,我們相信由(一)計劃並實行 意見替指「以我們接受此方案塔短 外學位粿程之前採取以

·位課程的决大學學位的不足,所求政府在接納和實行校 對校外學和即時見效的方法來解六丙)我們强烈要 一期的驛决方法。在招收下的推施:

學學生會一,由於現時並沒有具體,讓上升。

提高大專頒授學位地位

港大學生會對校外學位課程表意見

(丁》政府必須扣

「工業學院联合舉辦一九八一至八二年度簽雄獎 從地避器廠強在变存足 刘国轰栾學金和獎品,不惓在預科生作爲常巢一定的方法實行後,招收若干的文說技施。19 學金及工我没能比賽網獎典禮。獲其學金的五學 稊無疑是一個提供在十,而小部份對於剛 育)酸音樂和炸开工業學院院長兩人將先後致詞 供全面的大學生活,故種有效解決大專學位不一,學亦應爲此等同學提供

·屈時,工業教育及訓練署助理宮長°C工業方法,但鑑於它並不提 分四十一。將來,當各程的學術質素。而且昊 院學生共计近人,另有多人發工藝技陰比賽些。」人士大學教育機會的好貼業的預科生(大約百風力保證校外學位傑

【一些改變亦必須付諸. 們希望校外學位課程所保在實行校外學位課程 招收的同學,大部份為以後,香港大學的部

[乙 校外學位課】在職人仕,大約百分穴發展不會受到任何影响

六成 大學本身必

加、英、美-升學

加拿大、英國、美國各中學、大學 及專科學院、現接受申請。

本中心宗旨:

(一)路同學們在最短期內爭取到海外學校

如加·英·美等地的入學許可證

(二)對同學們指導及解釋海外生活之情况 (三)為同學們選擇適合之大學及中學

(四)為同學們代購廉價的學生機票

(五)為抵達美加等地的同學們安排接機

・膳宿及介紹朋友1000

【六)為同學們準媾各國留學簽證資料及褙

簽証會話

*歡迎閱本中心之美,加升學,移民手册谢

海外留學導敎中心

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|加拿大升學注意

OLD CANADA COLLEGE 1. CARTWRIGHT AVENUE,

TORONTO, UNTARIO,

1本校獲教育部數届好評,現招 收秋季1113班新生,畢業後 可按校内精分升讀加类各大學

2設備齊全,有完善實驗室、圖 書館及新型電腦,校園佔地甘 四萬尺,有足球、籃球,贏球 網球場及室內運動場,並設 有學生宿舍。

3師資優良,由安大略省教育界 知名人士,前政府中學校長及 主任教師担任。

1校蕈由加到港解答一切升學間 題,歡迎家長及同學查詢。

大厦按10第1001室

杀鲕㗎

IMGA 13 7215682 3 7216861

University Preparatory College

大學預科查院

FOGTKING ST. WEST.,

TORONTO, ONT, CANADA

MSV 1 Ka TAMAN

加拿大升學|

注:本校在加拿大安大略省,教育司 「署註册,是基督教人士所主辦現已招 【收1982年9月份秋季11、12及13班之 學生(F.3或以上同學均可申請 ):

本校自儷校舍及宿舍,專人指導 學生一切問題,師資優良,本校歷年 畢業生可獲升美、加各大學,有志申 「請者可向本校香港辦事處申請!

九龍彌敦道747號金都中心12樓座 查詢電話:3-802183

3-802192

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