1982-04-20 — Page 36

頁四第張九第日七廿月三年戌壬瑟夏

WAH KIU YAT PO

報日僑

1982

The 1911-12. Revolution in Chinà

|中學會考試題預習專欄

(廿八)

歷史

causes, course, effects role: played by Br, Sun Yat-sen, reasons, for

success.

Sino-Japanese relations

明德出版社胡應亮提供資料 1914-1919

HISTORY (28)

Philip Y. L、Woo

MILL & DALE PRESS. LTD.

Soon,you will be sitting

for the cert exam, and I trust that now you are all preparing for it. As far as the subject history is concerned, there are a number of topics that you MAY pay. more attention to. Don't take this piece of advice aa some sort of pre-exan tips. There's simply not such a thing. Only that because the syllabusia extensive and the time available is now limited,

it is wise to concentrate on some parts of the ayllabus (assuming. that the other parts you have learnt the general outlines). You have to sit for two papers: requiring the candidates to write two conventional essays and the other with some multiple-choice

one

questions. The multiple-

e. questious. are

general, but

often quite la m

they cover the syllabus. as a whole, So the best thing to do is to have an understanding of.

period of bista, the f

broad outline. Then select a few topics (preferrably from both the East Asian section and the European section) so that in the examina- tion you can choose the conventional essay questions that fit you, The topics that you can pay more attention to are as follows:

East Asia.1870-1952

Hundred Day Reform (1898) background oontents,

effects and reasons for Tailure:

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九5型勤

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曲樂種 三葱京

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業音頻語

·藝聯包學曲:

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瓘驗

China and Japan's participation in the First World Var,

Japan's presentation of the-21 Demands to China, war-time activities of Japan in China and East Asia (such as participation in the Siberian Expedition to check the spread the Russian Revolution în 1918).

Communist-nationalist

relations 1945-1949- bow the relations worsened, "the success. of

reasons for

communi sm . Meiji modernization 1870-1912 -

reasons for success.

|Europe 1870-1960

The First World War 1914-1918 ----

the cause of national ism or militarian, general effects of the

「The Hague Conferences

1899 and 1907–

attempts at disarmament and reasons for failure. Post-World. War II Europe:

reasons for the decline of colonialism, reasons for the rapid

recovery..

recono

In this and the coming. issues of this column, we will analyse these topics. in a broad way, The- important thing to` remember at this moment is to understand and digest the contents irather than :memorizing.

specific pieces of fact like dates and names. In

an essay you are required to explain and describe, but you cannot hope to do

if you just stuff the

80

essay with dates and

nanes. What we write

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refiects what we have in: C. The introduction of. mind very clonely. of.

Western ideas of course language (i,e.

reform English) is a problem.

One may say that even if you have lots of ideas, in mind, you cannot put them in words if.being handicapped on the: language side. But don't forget that ideas themselves take shape in your mind only in the. form of the language that: we use. In the case of: Chinese, the language is Chinese of course. And this is exactly where the problem lies --- we put things and ideas into our mind in Chinese, but:we are expected to write the things and ideas in English. Anyway, don't continue (if you do).to inject names and dates and so on into your mind. It's an insult to your cleverness.

CAUSES AND BACKGROUND. A. The advocacy of

institutional reform. by progressive

officials More progressive officials like Feng Kuei-fen (冯桂芬)、 pargued that for real self-strengthening, China should develop. basic Western

institutions (like. coveriment: organi tion and education) that gave rise to those techniques and military technologies. 3. The reform-minded.

scholars' recognition of the inadequacy of the. Self-Strengthening Movement (1862-1894) Ever since 1885,when Ching China was defeated by France in 'Indo-China, more and:

more scholar-officialg. (like Chang Chih-tung) knew the:Self- Strengthening Movement: vas inadequate to save China, Institutional

reform was really

necessary

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京

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陳揚吳武孫家五涎優點

經元 酒蜡粉絲

i.By foreign:

missionaries

Besides preaching their religion,

foreign missionaries, especially the British and American: Protestants,

introduced Western knowledge and culture to China. They eatablished schools. gave public lectures, opened libraries, and published newspapers and magazines. ii.Through treaty

ports:

Western social and

political ideas were most easily learnt by the Chinese who lived in treaty :ports and cities. The rise.of.av

generation of politically conscious and more progressive- minded young scholars 1.Translations of

Western hooks on a

variety of subjects were abundant in late 19th-century. China. 1.Traditionally. fspeaking, the

scholar class (shih ) in China had the responsibi- lity of saving the country in time of: crisis. With the repeated national humiliations that

China suffered after 1840 the young scholars became especially concerned about national problems and were ready to defend their

country.

The effects of the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)-

China's"qnick defeat in the Sino-Japanese -War further convinced. many. Chinese scholar- officials that more... fundamental. reform,waa

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日十二月四年二八九一鹰公年一十七國民華中育教僑華

both urgent and

necessary, The

humiliating treaty o室. Shimonoseki in 1895 aroused much public. anger in China. Some: 600 young students from all over China signed a

Ten

Thousand Words

Memorin) (萬言書), that. rejected the

Shimanoseki agreement.

and advocated. institutional reform. The leader was K'ang Yu-wei (康有為)。

Despite the official and traditional

prohibition against any political grouping, young scholars began to form associations known a

.as hsueh-huan (學會) to save the country. Many of these societies had the support of influential officials like Yuan Shih-K'ai (天世訊) and Chang Chin-tung The younger and idealistic scholars Tike Kang Yu-wek.. however, were. dissatisfied with the limited and moderate reforms carried out by Yuan and Chang in the: provinces. These idealistic scholars

favoured broader and deeper institutional: changes initiated from Peking:

The effects of the: Scramble for Concessions 1899)000

(1895-

Foreign, Imperialism waa intensified in the Scramble for Concessions. It further showed the necessity and urgency of institutional reform. The Emperor "was deeply impressed

by Elang Yu-weita. reform ideaa and waa: more and more deter- mined to put into

effect institutional

changes. Dissatisfied

with the Empresa.

俐

-680

太文精

意史

法補

中進連寫瑋 香小樹 步成致電學

翻學

試換供 K-843100

| 精安學車

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整合學試 年全中

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英藏電

一兒油2

Dowager's continued domination over the" Ch'ing court, Kuang-

hwu intended to make use of a reform aovement:Ted by himself to regain power, though on the other hand he really wanted to save China On June 11, 1898, he issued the first reform decree,

telling the people to learn foreign knowledge. Then Hundred Day Reform had begun..

The political struggle within the Ch'ing

court

Meanwhile, a political struggle took place.

between the Kuang-hau Emperor (光) and is aunt, the Empress. Dowager Tzu-hsi(~(1⁄2), within the Ch'ing court, Although Kuangy hsu was. the Emperor, real power was held by Tz'u-hsi. CONTENTS

From June to September 1898, K'ang Yu-wei and his young followers prepared many edicts and decrees for the Emperor to sign. Some 200 or so reform decrees were issued in quick

succession. A broad. program for reform of inatitutions).(pien-fa (法) was attempted. The

reform measures included the following:

1.Education -

a. Abolition of the

"Eight-legged essay GALE In the Civil Service Examinations. Abolition-of

swordsmanship and marksmanship in the military examinations Opening of a special examination on

political economy.

d. Establishment of an

imperial University in Peking. Founding ̇of a medical school.

under it.

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