1982-04-15 — Page 36

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1982

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HISTORY (27)

Philip Y.I Woo

MT11 & Dale Press Ltd.

In this issue, we shall Took at the relations between the KMT and the CCP from about 1921 (vhen the Chinese Communist was founded) to Party -1949 (when Communist.

China was established). In past examinations, questions on the

relations between the two parties have been rather popular. So the following is intended to be a comprehensive survey,”

RELATIONS BETWEEN THE KMT (Kuomintang, Nationatist Party) and THE COP. (Chinese Communist

Party), 1928-1935

1911-12 Chinese

Revolution that over threw the Ch'ing

Dynasty

1912-28 warlords

ruling China,"

political disunity,

1928 The KMT under

Chiang Kai-shek

succeeded in unifying.

China But the unifica-

tion was actually unreal, for former warlords still controlled most of Chinese territory.

KMT CCP relations 1921-28

Because of the need to fight against the common enemy (i.e. warlords), the two perties set aside their differences for the time being and cooperated with each other. However, when the KMT succeeded in unifying China, it no longer felt the need of cooperation. Besides, the two parties derived political support from different social

classes:

The KMT

Tandlords,

former warlords and urban

businessmen.

The CCP-workers in cfties and (later because of Mao Tse-tung) peasants in the vast Countryside.

KMT-CCP relations 1928- 1935

1. 1928-1930- Because

the country was newly unified, Chiang Kai- shek did not attack the CCP during. this period, but

concentrated on building up the central government. 1930-1934 - The KMT conducted a number of extermination campaigna (i.e. military attacks

aiming at destroying communism in China).

against the CCP:

reasons;

i Chiang's policy

was exterminating communism before. defending China

against Japan.

By 1951,

uncooperative

warlords had been

defeated by the

KMT so that Chiang could turn attention to

full a

the communists, The CCP was quite Successful in spreading social revolution in

South and Central China. It was necessary to destroy them.

course:

There were altogether 6 extermination campaigus against the CCP. The first four campaigns were unsuccessful. When the KMT invaded, the

CCP escaped and avoided a head-on battle. This strategy was successful. However, in the 5th campaign, Chiang changed his way of attack. He ordered troops to surround. the communists and imposed an economic blockade. By late 1934, the

communists had to abandon their bases in Klangsi and started the Long March.

effect:

(a)KMT-CCP..

relations Vere' very bad. (b)The KMT

neglected social reform because of the attack against the communists. (c).Japan made use

of the chance to make aggression on China.

KMT-CCP relations 1935- 1936

By late 1935, the communists had arrived at Shënsi in northwest China (after the Long March). Chiang decided to under- take the bth campaign, which would destroy the CCP once and for all. However, there was the Sian Incident in 1936.

(a)Sian Incident One of

Chiang Kai-sbek's men, Chang Hsueh-liang. kidnapped Chiang Kai- shek in the expecta tion that cooperation between the KMT and the CCP against Japan's aggression (which by this time. was very serious) would be possible. In the end, Chiang had to agree to the Second KMT-CCP United Front (the first was from 1921 to 1928).

(b)Outbreak of the Second

Sino-Japanese War

·「發威,雖亦具爭衡力,然在面對上述强手,一

餘難爭一日之短長也。

飛鳳昨投李

war broke out, the KMT and CCP agreed to cooperate with each

other against Japan's invasion.

Reasons for the Second United Front

(a)Strong Chinese

nationalism - There was widespread demand for a reverse of Chiang Kai-shek's policy, Chiang intended to destroy communism before, dealing with Japan. Many Chinese nationalists wanted the contrary, Chiang policy became very unpopular.

(b)The CCP making use of

the strong force of Chinese nationalism The Communists declared war on Japan as early as 1932 (though in fact they had very little actuel military engagement with the Japanese Many Chinese nationalista sympathized with the communists.

(c)Soviet Russia's

advocacy - In the early 1930s, Soviet Russia called upon all communists of the world to cooperate with their capitalist governments against German Nazism and Japanese militarisë. The aim was to defend the fatherland of communism, i.e. Soviet Russia herself:

KMT=CCP RELATIONS; 1937-45

A. From 1937 to 1941

During the period, there was very little actual cooperation between the KMT and the CCP in the national anti-Japanese mission; 1.The KMT had no

actual control of the CCP's armies. ii. The CCP was itself.

unwilling to listen to the KMT's orders.

B. From 1941 to 1945

1. In this period, the

KMT spent much of its manpower and. resources on blockading the CCP- held areas.. The KMT's policy was to conserve the KMTs strength for an once- aud-for-all- suppression of the Communists after the war. He depended on the US to defeat “Japan. K

Towards the ending years of the war (1944-45), both the KMT and the CCP took care not to put their own troops in battle against the Japanese aggressors. Both of then looked forward- to a post-war

military struggle for the national leadership.

THE JAPANESE SURRENDER (1937-1945) When the¦ AND THE RENEWAL OF KMT-

見南

CCP STRUGGLE, 1945.

A. Japan's surrender in

1945

i.As the Second Sino- War (1937- Japanese b

45) was coming to an end in 1945, the KMT and the CCP competed with each other to seize Japanese-held territories as well as Japanese military supplies.

日五十月四年二八九一公年一十七國民華中 育教經馬

BAO

農谷法快

ii. In August 1945, Japan

surrendered after

atomic attacks hy the US. This quick ending. of the war caught both the KIT and the CCP unexpected. The KMT was, in particular, in a disadvantageous position, for itá main forces were in Southwest China and could not travel to take over the Japanese-held areas faster than the CCP

B. Renewal of KMT-COP

struggle

i.In North China,

Communist troops tried to prevent KMT forces from re-occupying

Japanese-held areas. In East China, the Communists tried to take over Nanking and Shanghai. Fightings broke out between the two sides. ii.With the help of

American airplanes, KMT troops were able to quickly establish control over important cities and communi ca- tion lines in North and Central China,

Spread of Communist influence in Manchuria Shortly before the Јарапеѕе surrender, Soviet Russia had declared war on Japan and had quickly d occupied all Manchuria. Although no direct Russian help was given to the CCP, the Russians deliberately let the CCP guerrilla troops penetrate from North China into the Manchurian countryside. By late 1945, the CCP had established a strong position in Manchuria.

US MEDIATION AND KMT-CCP PEACE TALKS, ∙1945-1946

A. ADerican policy in

China

Wheress America's policy in China had been unconditional: support of the KMT Washington in 1945

adopted a new policy which continued American support only on the condition that Chiang Kai-shek. would reach a peaceful settlement with the

ССР.

-

B. KMT-CCP negotiations

i.Lack of sincerity in

Both negotiations the KMT and the CCP had no sincere faith in working out a peaceful settlement. Chiang Kai-shek was confident that with American millitary.

supplies, the well- armed KMT troops would easily destroy the Communists. Mao Tse- tung and his followers expected that there would be a long civil

but they were wary confident that in the end Commiami's sn would vin. ii.Unfruitful

negotiations Immediately after the Japanese surrender, Mao Tse-tung arrived in Chungking (wartime KMT capital) to negotiate with Chiang Kai-shek. The American ambassador, General Hurley, acted as a middleman. However after months of discussion, no. specific program for peace had yet been?. worked out. Fighting between the KMT and CCP troops still occasionally occurred.

The Marshall Mission

Since General Hurley was not a good diplomat, he was recalled by the US late in 1945. Instead, General Marshall was sent by Washington to China for the peace

mission the

D. Breakdown of KMT-CCP

negotiations and failure of the Marshall Mission

i.In January 1946, a

cease-fire was arranged between the KMT and the CCP. ii.In arguing over

details of the proposed coalition government; both the KMT and the CCP intended to force the other side to renew fighting

first. Both sides distrusted the other. iii. In April 1946,

Marshall returned to the US to arrange a loan for the future coalition government of China. The KMT and the CCP ran into” conflicts again. Fightings broke out ii Manchuria, which was not included in the cease-fire

agreement.

the

iv. In June 1946,

cease-fire, cane to an end. The CCP announced, the creation of the People's Liberation

Army (PLA LAMME).

In the provinces, Communists began attacking KMT-field cities, while the KMT troops began invading CCP-. controlled areas. v.Marshall returned

China to find that his peace missiou was a complète failure.

.In 1949, Communist

China was

established..

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Additional Maths. (27)

S.F. Ko

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD

Exercise 14: Paper 11, Section B

(a) Evaluate f[x2-2] dx

(b) Give a rough sketch

of the curves

+2 and

y=x+y in. one diagram. If the area enclosed by

x=0 and x-3 is ** rotated about the x-axis, find the volume of the formed.

Solve for x-wh D<x<360

sin7x+sin5x+sin3x

(b) Given that:

saint

sin2x+cos3x=0 (1) Prove that x«54*1

a golution of the equations (ii) Find the other

solutions of I where 0 ≤ x ≤180. (iii) lence show that

(a)

Ketch the curve"

23 y-3x-x

(b) Find the volume of

the solid generat when the area enclosed by the

x-axis and the curve în (a) is rotated" about the x-axisgn

The fig. represent the equation of the circle

2

2

x+y -8x-7y+12-0 (i) Find the

co-ordinates of

B, C and D.: (ii) A tangent is drawn at P where AP is a diameter. Find the co-ordinates of E and the equatiol2 1 the tangent.

(a) If z=cose+isinė;

show that cose-z( and sind-1-(2-1) hence show that

2coanü-z. 42.

Zísinn8-2 -7

11

and

(b) Express sin Ocogie

terms of multipïë

angles by using

results of (x),

hence find the value

of

Jsin Ocoa