1982-04-13 — Page 34

頁二第張九第日十二月三年戌壬夏 WAH KIU YAT PO

1982

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陳勵德”

Economics (26)

K.K. Wong & L.T. Chan

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

A. Balance-of-Payments

A country's balance of international payments can affect the value of its currency and influence decisions of the government regarding exports, imports, and the flow of investment funds.

A country's balance -of-payments statement summarizes all inter- national transactions by government, business, and private residents during, a specified period of time, usually one year. It is a flow concept reflecting changes in accounts, similar to an income statement and a flow- of-funds statement in accounting. As an illustration, the official-reserves section of the balance of payments would summarize an annual changes in amounts of reserve assets, such as gold and covertible currencies.

The principle of balance-of-payments is based on double-entry. accounting: each transaction is represented by an increase or a decrease of units. When the total receipts are greater than the total payments, the country is described as having a favourable balance

of payments, or

payments, surplus, However, if total

payments are more than total receipts, the country will be

a

suffering a payment deficit, 1.e., au unfavourable balance of payments. Of course

country with a payment surplus will gain foreign exchange while country with payments deficit will lose foreign exchange. Current Account

The current account usually includes merchandise trade

services and

unilateral transfers. Merchandise trade includes the export and import of physical goods. On the other hand, services are often referred to as

nonmerchandise transactions or

invisibles.

Transfer payments

or unilateral

transfers represent gifts or similar

payments by domestic

residents to foreign

residents (private transfer), or vice

versa. The net of the

three accounts - merchandise trade, services, and unilateral transfer -represent the balance on current account.. Diversification

In recent years, Hong Kong exporters have faced many trade restriction problems. The European Economic Community has imposed quotas on textiles, which is the largest export.industry in Hong Kong. In addition, neigbouring countries such as South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore,

etc., are exporting tuose items that are

competitive with Hong

Kong products overseas. Thus, because of

international

restrictions

on

imported goods and

keen competition, the

Hong Kong Government

advices local industries to diversify. The ultimate aim, of: course, is to mak Hong Kong less

dependent on a few major markets and to decrease the chance of unemployment in this.

area.

General speaking, diversification can serve the following purposes:

(1)better utilization

of tue firms. production: facilities; (2)increased economy

in the existing

sales organiza..

(3)reduced dependence

of

a country.or a firm on a single market,

customer, duct

(4)higher return on

investment than could be obtained

in its present area of activity; (5)safeguarding the

future growth of the company if its present market does not permit adquate sales increases; (6)avoding strong

competition on its present market.

Here it is important to realize that diversificati ous can be brought about in different forms:-

(1)Diversification of

markets→→

diversification of markets means an increase in the number of markets served by an individual firm. When the

industries

county

solely on one market or a few. markets, then it will face probabl threats whenever the importing countries set up trade barriers, such as tariffs or quotas.

(2)Diversification of

industries--by diversifying industries, this means the provision of greater variety of industry to an area, especially one mainly dependent on a highly localised industry. Its aim is to make employ ment less dependent on a particualr industry so that serious employment will not occur if tat industry declines. As одг exports are usually labour-intensive, the increased

production cost te.g. land, labour) has made our·· domestic exports less competitive with those of Ir neighbouring countries who have. cheaper labour and land. Hence we need to develop new lines of production which requires skills, technology: design, machinery, and management.

In order to work for the continual growth and develop- ment of our exports, exporta,

報日僑華

diversifications of Industries are markets are

necessary. Besides

the industrialists themselves, the government can play

a critical role in the diversification process such as. through a relaxed Tand policy. A committee has already been set up to study the details of diversification in Hong Kong Only with the co- ordinated efforts of both the govern

ment and the

industrialists will

this process can

be carried out

gatisfactorily.

歷史(廿六)

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HISTORY (26)

Philip Y.L. Woo

Mill & Dale Press Ltd. Usually in setting: questions. for an examination, the examiner always chooses questions that cover the period of the syllabus rather evenly. This is to avoid the situation where some lucky students put alF heavy emphasis on the first part of the syllabus and then in an examination find that all the exam questions are really on that part. So for the East Asiau part of the Syllabus, there are always some questions on post-1945 China or Japan. This time we are going to look at the reform measures that Americans introduced in Japan from 1945 to 1952. WHAT WAS SCAP?

Japan

unconditionally in August, 1945. Then the Americans sent troops to occupy the country, Although in theory all Allied Powers had the right to occupy Japan, it was, the USA whe assumed the greatest role. reforms to democratize Japan were carried out by Americans, General: Mac Arthur of the USA was appointed Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP), The term "SCAP" since then

Consequently, the

referred to the highest authorities of the Allied Occupation.

D.

MOTIVES OF THE ALLIED OCCUPATION -

1. Negatively, one of the motives was to destroy Japanese militarism.

Positively, the most important motive was to create a democratic society for Japan, 80 that militarism, would not revive. DEMILITARIZATION

1. All armament of Japan. was destroyed, and all military production was stopped.

2. All the imperialist

gains (territorial) of Japan were taken away, PURGES —

1. Important military leaders who had brought about the war were purged, 1.e.

accused in court, An international tribunal was set up in Tokyo. Many war criminals, like Toja Hideki, Vas condemned to death, while others to imprisonment. There were about 200,000; people who were purged.

REPARATIONS –

1. At first, SCAP decided

that Japan had to pay for the war damages. Later, however;

tire

二期星

demand was dropped.

industrial machinery was shipped to the

All war-time

countries, which Japan had conquered and

greatly destroyed. EFFECTS OF DAT

DEMILITARIZATION, PURGES AND REPARATIONS

1.

zation

influence

and remains were cleansed. The way was opened for more democratization.

However, many Japanese officials were unpurged. This made the Japanese government conserva-

character. tive in

Purges Militarists were driven out of politics. This was essential for Japan. rebirth as a

democratic country.

Reparations - Because. the demand of

reparations was.

dropped, the Japanese economy

was not

greatly affected. EFFECTS OF THE OCCUPATION ON JAPAN

A. Clearance of previous

militarist bases of

rule

Such included armament, the

militarists themselves

and overseas imperialist possessions. B. Institutional

guarantee of overall democratic rule ——

The greatest achieve- ment of SCAP laid in the successful democratization of

Japan's political. structure. Thereafter. stable and liberal: rule could be guaranteed.

C. Promotion of

ii

democratic-mindedness

and healthy citizen- ship among the Japanese

This was done through

the increased political rights given to the people and the educational reform, Consequently, ultra- nationalism and authoritarianism were dissolved, though group living still existed (despite SCAP a intention of encouraging. individualism),

Continued prevalence of conservatism in

Japanese politics. This was because: i. the conservative

bureaucracy was not purged,

most of the

zaibatsu remained

powerful in

influence, aud SCAP decided to restore political

rights to the purged after 1947.

E. More even distribution

of wealth and incone and the rise of an independent middle- class-

The social and economic reforms succeeded in making. these phenomena possible, though the zaibatsu still.

remained powerful at the same time.

F. Contribution to quick

economic

The Japanecovery

econonty

Lay in ruins in 1945. By the early 1960s, however, Japan had recovered to such an extent that she became the third most industrialized power of the world.

G. Strengthening of

Japanese-American economic ties

Japan was an important market for American. exports. Big American companies like the

日三十月四年二八九一公年一十七國民華中育教備

General Electric had

dy

important economic

Now,

6-2x

ties with big Japanese

at

companies.~~

dỵ 6 and at dx

Many American

H. Conclusion

historians claim that the rise of post-war. democracy in Japan was exclusively due to the beneficial effects of the American Occupation. This was not necessarily the case. Without the experimentation with party rule in the 1920s, for example, SCAP's reforms would. certainly experience great difficulies in being carried out, In abort, the role played by the Occupation in bringing about

democratic Japan must

-6-2(6)--6

Equation of UT is уби.

Equation of AT is v=-6(x−6)

Solving..

6x = -6(x-6)

= 6(3)

18

the ordinate of T is 18

area of 40AT -310x18

54 area of region (MAT

-54-56-

18

region

OMA

region OMAT

附加數

(B)

18

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not be over-

S. F. Ko

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

1. sin48 sin30,

40k+{-1}

where k is any

When k is even say k-2n

+40=214eger

wherein

Is any integer.

2nd When k is odd,

gay k=2n+1,

40-(2n+1)T-38

(2n+1)T

the general, "solution is

2nli

2. Givens

or (2041)7 sin38a;.

3

An

sin 8--b

ain36sJainė-4sin 8

=sind(5–4sin 0)

asine (5-(-b))

sine

4b

16b

126

16b

3, Let I= √。 x2(1+x3)2 dz

Let u=14x3

when x=0, u-1 when x1,

8-1) 7

sin20sin40

dx

u-2.

du

3)

Ans-

--(cos60

−cos(-20))

=-}{ cos60-cos20)

sin20sin40 dë

-} } (cos60-cos28)16

-sine-sin

-+|[6-+4)-((-1)-|(1)}} || -(-4-3)

út A,_y=0

x(6-x)=0

xx0 or

area of region OMA

-So (6x-x2)

64)

dx

36 sq.unit's

Let M(a,b) be the mid-point of the chord PQ

Slope OM

Slope PQ

Let the equation of Po he y-MX+C

i.e.

This line meets the

circle

where

Sum

roots

oint of PQ

This is the x co

ordinate of M

abc

equation of PQ :

Let Ala,

and

area of dÐAB *tab

(21)(21)-8

hik 4

the locus of Pis given by xywł