1982-01-19 — Page 22

再二第張六第日五廿月二十年酉樂區

1982

報日僑華

"In 1897, Germany

WAH KIU YAT PO

中學會考試題預習專欄

Yes, France and Russia demanded from China rewards for the Triple

Intervention in 1895-96.- Now how did other powers

歷史

(十五)

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HISTORY (15)

Philip Y,L. Woo

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

In what ways did the foreign powers react to each other's ambitions in China íu the period 1895– 1899? Give reasons for. China not being partitioned,

This is a question that appeared in the examin- ation some years ago.

Scope & requirements

Don't be frightened off by the key words of the question. Just ask your- self, "What happened in Sino-foreign relations between 1895 and 1899oo Well, naturally, the Scramble for Concessions.

You are not expected to discuss why the Scramble. for Concessions took place, otherwise the question would have been "Why did the foreign powers encroach upón -China ....?" You should

not, similarly, describe what the foreign powers scrambled from China, för the question should have been "What gains did the foreign imperialist pewers acquire from: China?" in which case one must mention facts such as "leases

non-alienation agreements", and other economic privileges.

-You have to show how (or in what ways) a great power's gains in China led another power to acquire similar gains. In other words, try to link up the gains and

ambitions of the foreign powers by explanations how these powers reacted to one another. For a good answer, emphasis should be put on the reactions rather than the

· gains, and in analysing the reactions, you must have sufficient knowledge. about the policies of the different powers. In short, if you know little about the specific. information on the course of the Scramble for Concessions, don't choose

this question.

As for the reasons why China was not partitioned, you must not trace the events of the Scramble for Concessions like the first part of the

question. Instead, take the topic as a whole, look at it from different angles, and draw relevant factors for China's not being partitioned, We will discuss this later. To select relevant poits-

How can you approach this question? There is. no formula, everyone: knows. But you can tune your memory to 1895, start recollecting important facts year, by year, and pick up relevant ones as you go along (by dropping irrelevant ones, needless to say). In 1895, there was the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which gave Japan large gains. So this was "Japan's ambition in China" (What the question itself. asks). How did the other powers react to the Japanese ambition? The Triple Intervention by Russia, France and. Germany. What then were the ambitions of these three powers themselves?

react? You don't need to

analyse every power's

reaction, but to proceed

occupied Kiaochow of

Shantung. In 1898, Russia

took Port Arthur and.

Dairen of liaotung

(which looks like a plain narrative of

grevents)

along like this (year by

year and then one

опе can say "In 1897, Germany occupied Kiaochow of

power after another), you Shantung. This led Russia,

can be sure of collecting the main relevant points without serious omission.

Suppose you suddenly remember how Japan and Russia rivalled each other in Korea from 1895. to 1898. At the first sight, this seems relevant to the question; Russo-Japanese rivalry was part of thes "ambitions of the foreiga powers" and the period is within the one asked by the question. But such a Russo-Japanese rivalry occurred in

China. So forea, not in

irrelevant,

isn't it? You must not write anything on it even though you may know much about it.

Now, what saved China from being partitioned? As you imaginatively go along year by year, you will notice that in 1899- 1900, there was the Open Door policy as advucated by the US. This of course saved China from being... partitioned, in that the imperialist powers accepted the American advocacy, But why? In going into the reasons for the

acceptance, one

makes a more in-depth analysis (what the marker expects from a bright student). If you ask an average intelligent man who knows nothing a

about the Scramble for Concessiona, he will say to you, "Well, China herself might have the ability to defend against Western imperialism, and the Western imperialists did not want to or could not cut up Ching." With these hints (which are products of logic), you can then reviev the topic for more specific inform ation. Some of the

reasons can be found in the part of the foreign powers themselves and

some in the part of China The imperialist powers could not agree on China's partition. But did they ever try to partition China? The imperialist powers did not even have the

intention to break up China. Why? Unwillingness to take up administrative responsibility on the one hand and growing European liberalism on the other. So? they adjusted one. another's ambitions by peaceful agreements. As. for China, on the government's levèl, the Ch'ing dynasty succeeded in exploiting the great powers! jealousy and

level, the Boxer Uprising rivalry; on the social

frightened some foreigners. Not only do the relevant points become clear, they are related and are thus easy to present in an answer.

Approaches

In presentation, one ̈ has to trace the reaction and gains chronologically (discussing the great powers ambitions and reactions year by year). But make sure that your expression is analytical and argumentative rather than plainly descriptive, especially as regards the reasons for China's not being broken up. For the first part of the question, for example, instead of saying the following:

who was eager to

counteract the German influence in North China to take Port Arthur and Dair

iren of Liaotung in 1898. These two places

were situated opposto

Shantung, and could therefore balance the German gains there

The above passage is more suitable for answer- ing the question because the reaction (what is being asked) has been analysed. You have to show to the marker that (a) you fully understand. what exactly

requires (b) question

have.

tried to write to meet those requirements.

Conclusions

The conclusion is a bird's eye view of the essay, one can, for example, conclude this question by saying:

"The foreign imperias list powers did not plan to partition China in 1895. Bascially it was only Japan's large gains. in the Treaty of Shimonoseki that made the other imperialist powers fearful or jealous, These powers therefore demanded similar gains. The chain effect started. But because basically no power wanted to or could conquer China, the scramble for imperialist, possessions came to an end by 1901."

If you have not enough time, however, even the conclusion can be omitted in a question like this. The reason is that the most important require- ment is the analysis of

the reactions and the factors for China's safety.

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王啓光提供資料

Economics (15)

K.K. Wong &.L.T. Chan

Mill & Dale Press Ltd.

Population:

1. Factors affecting the size of population

There ate a number of factors affecting the size of population of a country.

A group of Individuals living in anation makes up a population of the country. A population is always changing, depending on the ra at which its individual members

die or reproduce, migrate. In other words, the rate of birth, rate of death,

and rate of migration are the major factors determining the size

of a nation's size population. They are described in details as follows: (a)Birth rate: The size

of population is partly determined, by the rate of birth of its citizens. A country with high birth rate increases its population size.. However, birth rate is affected by the food supply and the living environment of

二期星

the place where they are situated. A country having sufficient supply of food, maturafde resources, fresh air and clean water, and also with good economic achievement and advanced technical skills usually tends to have a higher birth rate, since the environment is favourable enough for the reproduction of human beings. However in some under- developed countries, the birth rates are high mainly because an increasing population size can supply more labour force for their producti on activitie as long as they are labour-intensive.

(b)Death frate: The death

rate of a country depends on whether it can introduce modern administration improving law and order and eliminating local warfare. Also, the introduction of moden transport,

communication, and distribution reduces

日九十月一年二八九一膳公年一十七國民華中· 南華信造®

local famines, Furthermore, a country introducing public health measures controlling diseaseя can reduce the death rates

(c)Net migration rate: In each year, there are some perseus moving into a country fron another country, and also some persons moving out of a

country to live in

another country. The former is called

innigration, and the latter is known as emigration. The balance of migration, the difference between

immigration aud migration, is added to the size of population of the country.

However, the balance.

of migration does not affect the total

population of the world as a whole..

Strict inmigrati on laws prevent people" pove freely from one country to another.

In this case, the size of population of a country is largely determined by the death rate end birth rate

To conclude, the size of a country's population is a combined result of the

three rates described

above. The size of population can become larger as the birth rate is greater than the death rate, while the migration is held

constant.

II.Effects of population

changes.

The rapid growth of population høs posed. many problems on the

(b)The environment:

Population growth is more or less related to the deterioration of environment. quality, such as air and water pollution, depletion of natural resources, disposal o waste materials. It makes the solutions of environment problems

more difficult.

(c)Social problems: An

increasing population demands for more.. social services, ranging from education and housing, medical and health, social welfare, to law and order. Besides, the concentration of people in urban areas unkea urban planning and administration complex and difficult. (d)Family health: A

family having many children may adversely affect the relation in the family, educationa 1.

opportunities provided to the children, and also parental care. turn,

In

1, these will affect the mental, physical and psychological development of a child. A family of large size usually has unsatisfactory family relationships and even adeterioration of family life.

Bet bost

1+01

cis(360°)

[cis360n®]

where n=0,

cis(

(360)

cis(1200)

when n= 0,

ciso

when n

1+01

1

cis120

글

when

2, cis240°

where

3 required roo

340

Find the roots of the

equation iz +32-21=0 Using the formula:

-bb-4ac

2a

We have

2-4 (1) (−2

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Additional Maths. (15)

S.F. Ko

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

Complex Number(11) Worked examples:

1. Given that

z=co88+isine, and ZucosƉ-isine, find

(1): 2+Z

(ii) z-Z

(iii) zz

and by using (2+2) and (2-2)

prove that

cos28=2c0s 8-

cos28-1-2sine respectively.

Solution:

and

(i) 2+7 = 2cose (11) z-Z = Lisinë (iii) zz - (cose+isine)

(cose-isine)

(z.z)

cos 0-(isine)

On substitution, we have

(2cose)2 - (cose+igine)2 +2(1)+(co80-

isine)2

4cos

cos264isin2042 +cos20-19in20

by De Moivre's Theorem 2cos20+2

** cog20 = 2003 01

world us a whole. They (z-z) 2

are described as follows:

(a)The problem of food:

An increasing population demands fo higher food

production. On the other hand, the lality of food and

nutritional value are both important to va country of rising in

living standards. Thus there may exist a situation in which food is sufficiently supplied in one part of the world while people are starving- elsewic re..

-(2isine)2

(cose+isine)~~2(1) +(cosu-isine)2

coa20+isin20–2 +cos2e-isin20 2cos20-20.

„cos20 = 1-2aint

2. Find the cube roots unity and represent them in an Argand Diagram.

Solution:

The given expression is

1

+3 Z

equired roots

Exercise 8

14 If z=cose+isine, z=cose-isine, write down, by expansion, the expressions

(a) (2+2)3 (b) (z-z)3

In terms of z and z. Hence, prove that

3. cos30=4cos 0-3co80

sin383sine-4sin 0.

In each of the follow ing cases, find the indicated roots and represent them în an Argand Diagram. (a) the fifth roots

unity,

(b) the cube roots of

-81-

(c) the fourth roots

of -2-251.

3. Find the roots of the

following equations and express then in the the form a+ib,

(a) 2z+3iz+4

(b) iz-z-71

(a) If wacos risin

prove 1-0 and

2

•1+W+w=0

(b) Using the results of

(a), prove that, when a, b and c are real,

(1) (a+bw)(a+bw2)

- s2-ab+b2 and

(ii) ambac,

a+b+cu2=0