1982-01-08 — Page 31

育教僑華 頁三第張八第日四十月二十年酉辛展夏

1982

中學會考試題預習專欄

歷史 (十四)

明德出版社胡應亮提供資料

HISTORY (14)

Philip Y.L. Woo

Mill & Dale Press Ltd.

To what extent was Chinese history from 1895 to 1911 determined by external; foreign factors?

This is a general question, but a general question may not be an easy question. You must clearly distinguish between relevant and irrelevant materials Otherwise you may be writing a plain

chromology wherein every historical fact from 1895 to 1911 is included

which is impossible în view of the time limit, and which is disastrous.

SCOPE

The key word determined" is just another word for

"caused" So you are asked to discuss the causes of historical events in Chína in the period. These events were caused by both external and internal factors. You should ask yourself: What were the foreign, external factors. and how did they lead to and bring about the events? Were these external factors alone sufficient to cause the events? If not, what other factors (internal factors, that is to say) were there to contribute

to the events? External or internal factors which were nore: important

| To make sure that your

answer is comprehensive, jot down the important. events in Chinese history of the period, as follows:

The Sino- Japanese War 1894-95:

The Treaty o Shiwouseki 1895.

The Hundred The Scramble

Day Reform, for 1898

Concessions, 1895-1900

The Boxer Uprising, 1900-01

The Late

Manchu

Reformi, 1901-1911

The 1911 Revolution

The Russ0- Japanese War 1904-05

In the right column, you have the events that: occurred internally in China, and in the right column, the events on the international scene. Now, pick out each of the events in the right column and tune your memory to its causes.

How many were external in

bature? Similarly, pick out each of the events ini the left column and

consider its effects.

Why? Well, because

international events

would likely have effect

on China internally,

which is therefore

exactly what our question requires.

Take this as an example. One of the

effects of the Sino-

Japanese War (1894–95)

was that China's defeat led to the demand by some Confucian scholars for institutional reform

the Hundred Day Reform of 1898. So this is relevant Another of the effects was that the peace treaty Ted to the Triple Intervention in which Russia took part,

therefore the beginning of Russo-Japanese hatred that in the end led to the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05). This is irrelevant, simply because this link has nothing to do with Chinese history itself. Make sure that you judge every fact or idea to see whether it is relevant before. presenting it. It is therefore advisable that while writing the essay you refer back to the question from time to tine.

The following are the basic points you must include:-

1. External factors are.

indeed important.

The Sino-Japanese War in 1894-95

stimulated reform

Hundred Day: Reform, and

revolutionary movement led by

Dr. Sun Yat-sen.

2. The same war led to the Scramble for Concessions (1895- 1900) in China. The latter in turn had hastened reform (1898 reform) and stimulated ⠀⠀ rebellion (the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising of 1900- 01).

The 1898 reform basically caused by the coming of the West to China after 1840-

Imperialism necessitated.

reform. Introduction of Foform reformideas..

The Boxer Movement

basically

caused by the coming of the West to China after 1860-

1. presence of

missionaries in

China

2. Western

imperialism. aroused

dissatisfaction from Chinese officials.

Economic imperialism in China created social-economic

trises.

The Late Manchu Reform (1901–10) caused by the realization of the West's unmistakable

superiority after the Allied

Expedition in 1900-

-01.

The Russo-Japanese War

Japan's victory convinced China of the

不隨禮柯多新彩無報請遠 另報拜式采穎色任販就道 收附出印多雜§ 歡訂近閱 費送版刷姿誌僑迎閱向戶

WAH KIU YAT PO

郭日僑華

practical value of constitutional rule

therefore the

Ch'ing court's decision for the late Ching constitutional movement.

The 1911 Revolution caused by

A. the hopelessness

of the Chting:

as

by Western

imperialis China

detrated

sm in

B. the introduction

of the Western idea of

revolution.

(In other words, just screen your knowledge on the period of Chinese history and select what you think are relevant points.)

II. However, internal

factors are also present, for example;

The Hundred Day Reform also caused: by a struggle for power within the Ching court...

2. The Boxer Uprising- A. China had always

had an anti- foreign.

tradition.⠀ The social back- ground of the Boxer Uprising social-economic

crises algo caused by the internal decline of the Ch'ing dynasty which began before the coming of the West Similarly, the Late Manohu Reform was basically a Manchu attempt at checking political decentra- lization (which also began before the coming of the West).

Lastly, the 1911 Revolution was partly caused by the internal decline of the Ch'ing (a decline that Western.

imperialism, only partly explained) (Many of these internal factors can be recollect- ed if you think about the external factors more carefully.)

III.Conclusion –

You can say that indeed Chinese history in the period was to a large extent shaped by external forces, although many internal factors were also present and

played equally

important, if not

more important, roles,

In fact, many of

these internal forces

were indirectly

related to external

ones. Even the

external forces them

selves only influenc- ed a portion of the vast Chinese popula... tion and territories. Thus to say that Chinese history in the period. (which covered all China and Included all Chinese) was determined by external forces was misleading.

PRESENTATION

There can be two

approaches:

alone

A. You can, like the

above plan, describe

all the external

factors first and then proceed to a discussion of the internal ones.

五期星

B. Ur, you can analyse.

the external factors of an event and immediately remark that internal factors also helped bring: about that event.

2. Use relevant facts to

support each of the points that you make, For example, in stating that the Sino- Japanese War (1894-95) stimulated reform in China, you should briefly mention how on knowing the news of the humiliating peace treaty, some 600 Con- fucian scholars petitioned the throne for institutional reform the continued movement of which led to the 1898 Reform. If you happen to forget this series of facts, just ignore them and think of other factual support for other. points you will stil still be writing a good essay.

**

3. Time yourself

accurately. Don't spend, say, 50 minutes out of 45 just on the Hundred Day Reform alone, even though you are well familiar with the topic. If you are familiar with the topic, you can put more emphasis, but not all the emphasis, on the 1898 reform, and this does not do any harm.

Cautions -

1. Make sure that you

critically select materials for answer- ing - in other words, that you control your answer rather than the reverse,A

Make sure you deal with the different events of Chinese history from 1895 to. 1911 comprehensively, Even if you know little about some, try to discuss them relevantly

3. The conclusion must be

one that directly

answers the

question

itself, Events and facts under them are included only to substantiate your conclusion. If you forget to mention” the name Kang Yu-vei, your performance will not be badly affected provided that the

different points and parts are adequately covered.

附加數

儿十四〇

明德出版社高樹芳提供資

Additional Maths. (14)

S.F. Ko

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

Solutions to Exercise 7.

1-co88-isine

(-cosə)—isint

(1-cose)-isinə

(1-cose)+izin✪

(1-cose)+isine

__ (1−cose) +i sinë

(1-cose)2-(isine)

1-co80+isine

1-2cos04cos Ossin ✪

日八月一年二八九一层公年一十七國民華中

1-co80+isinë

2-2cose

20

1-(1-28în g)

(2singcong)

2(1–1+2sin_g)

2sing(singeicong)

sing+icos

sing

(1+icot)

Ans

-co

Cos8-ising

cos8+isin0| cqs0-isine cos8+ising

cose+îsinë

2

(cose) –(isine)-

"cos0+ising

sing

cos 048in @ cos@+isino

5441

(*)

5-41

5+41

5+41

5–41 5+4 25-401-16 25+16

94401

Let

now,

·40.

Ans.

4+kisk√2(cos45

18in45)

4.√2ci845′

and

191030°)

ci 830

2ci845° 1830o

[s(45-30°)

2-bcia15 modulus, Ż

arg z

15

(1-1) (2+1)

3mi

(1+1)(2+1) 3+1

3-i (1+31)(3+1)

3-(1) 5+101-3

9+1-

101 10

modulus Z

arg z 90o

(c) Letz

3+1

cose+isinė

_C08×-i sino cose4ising

cosx-18in«

cosarisino Condising

Cos@cosa

cos X-(ising) (cososing+

sinhcoac

cosx-(isinx)~

isinesino

cos X-{isin«) 2

cos@cosx-sinosin

sinəsinx).

cos x+sin x

¡(cos@sinx+

SinOcOSX)

2z+1

iz+1

2

let z=x+ly, we have

2z+1

· [2(x+iy)+1|

{(2x+1)+2iy]

/(2x+1)+(2y) ́·{iz+1[

((x+1y) +1]

√(1-y)

the given expression is given by

122+11

2

√(2x+1)=+ky

1-y)+x

2

Squaring both sides,

(2x+1)*+h

4[(1-2y+y2)+x2] 4-8y+4у +4x

4x+8y3

which is the required

Focus of z.

Ang

(b) ]z−1]+|2+1| #4

Let z=x+1y, we have {x+1y−1]+k+iy+1} =4 {(x−1)+1y}+{(x+1)+iy} {(x−1): +y2+√(2+1)2+y

√(x−1)2+y=4−x+1) +y

22

Squaring both sides, (x+1)2+y^- 16–8√(x+1)2+y2

16+x

{(x+1)2+y

4x-16=-8 (x+1)2 +y

2√(x+1)2

+y

Squaring both sides again,

(x+4)==4[{x+1) ́+y

+8x+16=4x2 +8x+4+4y

2

12 *. 3x +1ậy” - which is the locus of

z and is an ellipse.

(c) 2[z−2] • [z-61}

Let z=x+iy, we have. *x+iy−2] =]x+iy-6i| 2)x−2) +1y] = [x+1(y−6)} 1.e, 2[√(x-2)+]

Squaring both sides

4x -16x+16+4y

X

+y−12y+36

+3y=-16x+12y-20±0 which is an equation of a circle with

centre (3-2) Ans.

zz

*x+iy

(x+iy)(x-1

2 2

(b) dzie

d2+0

Ans

from (a))

z(x+07)

cos + sin a

+1sin(6+x)

머리

Icis(+x)

modulusz 1

arg z

*+A #

Ans.

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