1981-11-17 — Page 22

真二第張六第日一廿月十年酉辛感夏 WAH. KIU YAT PO 郭日僑

1982

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HISTORY (7)

Philip Y.L. Woo

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

The Five Great Powers in Europe.

In 1871 in Europe, there were 5 great powers in Europe. In simple terms, a great power is a strong country.

Britain - Her main

interest was commercial, as she had many colonies. Therefore her main aim in foreign⠀ policy was to keep peace and see that Europe was not controlled by a strong power. By this Britain meant the balance of power. If Europe was dominated by strong power, Britain's commercial interests might be badly affected..

2. France

- she did not have much ambition during the period

1870-1914. Beri

industrialization was not as good as Britain's or Germany's. Many French people

feared that French power was on the decline. In foreign matters, France tried to establish imperialist

interests in Africa and Asia. This brought France in conflict with Britain, But France. knew that she was. not as powerful as Britain.

rmany After the process of

unification in the 1860s, Germany became a strong, unified country. Her

industrialization was very rapid. Later she tried to obtain colonies and build a strong navy. These two policies made Britain alarmed, The resultant Anglo- German confrontation drew France and Britain closer together — against Germany, France was of course anti- German, in view of the defeat in the hands of Germany in 1870-71 (which

itself made possible the completion of German unification).

Austria - She was

defeated by Prussia (former Germany) during the German unification in the 1860g too. After

1871, Austria was villing to follow the lead of Germany in foreign affairs.. Austrian power was weak. There were many peoples of different national- ities in the A Austrian Empire, so Austria was very conservative, she feared that the di different peoples

might riset

her and become -independent of

Austrian control, In foreign policy, Austria struggled with Russia in East Europe for power This was a historical mission. on Austria's part:⋅ to safeguard the area from the

Russian expansion to the Mediteranean Sea. It was also a

necessary mission:

if Austrian failed

in keeping Russian

influence from

advancing south, the

different peoples

in the Austrian

Empire might take

it as a sign of

weakness and revolt against the Austrian government.

5. Russia-

Russiabomically,

the most

backward among other European powers. She was the est conservative too. The Tsar (emperor) had absolute power, In foreign policy, Russia tried to extend her influence. to the Mediterrancan Sea through the Balkans. Yet as mentioned, Austria. bad great interests in the Balkans (East Europe). So Austria and Russia always ran into conflicts. Britain feared that her commericial interests might be badly affected by any Russian influence in the Mediterranean Sea, So Britain tried to stop Russia too. In this regard, Britain and Austria stood. together. However, the threat of Germany was becoming more and more

serious in the 1890s and 1900s. At last, Britain settled her disputes with Russia and made friend with her in the common efforts against Germany.

Sources of international trouble 1871-1914

1. Hatred between Germany

and France - In 1870- 71, Prussia defeated France and succeeded in

Germany.

ZARA, France

had to cede a place called Alsace - Lorraine to fiermany. After this, many French people wanted to get back the place from Germany. The two countries night start a war. However, as we have learnt, France⠀ was on the decline in terms of a great power: So many French states- men would not think it a practical step to start and win a war against Germany. 2. Struggle for colonies

anong great powers – From 1871 to 1914, European powers fought for colonies in Asia and Africa. They nearly started a war on many occasions. But in the 1871-1914. period, not a single war was fought in this way by the great powers. One of the reasons was that until then many parts of the world (in Asia and Africa) had not been colonized yet, and the failure in struggling with another power in establishing a colony could always mean doing the same in some other place. In other words, the great. powers could find compensation when competing with each other in colonization. Conflict between Russia and Austria în the Balkans – (ther powers would easily be drawn into this conflict. For example, Britain would support Austria or any power to check Russia. Germany was allied. with Austria, and might support Austria

in challenging Russia.

Two alliance camps

1871-1914

You may be familiar with this, but let us learn about these two alliance camps again; qui 1. The Triple Alliance A. At first, Germany

was allied with Austria and Russia at the same time in 1873. The purpose was to isolate France. And with Britain following a policy of

isolationism (i.e. not allying with any continental power), Germany would be safe from any French design of revenge. But as we have leorat, Russia and Austria were enemies.

so their alliance was uneasy-

In 1879, Germany was allied with Austria: only. But Germany kept a friendly treaty with Russia, In 1882, Italy joined the Dual Alliance (between Austria and Germany. The Triple Entente In 1890, Germany dropped the friendly treaty with Russia. This was due to the coming to power of young Kaiser William II.

In 1894, Russia was. allied with France, Russia did som because of the need to find an ally in substitute of Germany. France needed an ally against Germany too In 1904, Britain dropped her policy of isolationism and made a friendly treaty with France. D. In 1907, because of France's encourage- ment, Russia and. Britain' made a similar friendly treaty. The Triple Entente was formed in this way (Britain, France and Russia). An eutente is just ă friendly understand- ing and not a formal alliance.

Events leading to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914-

1. Assassination of the Austrian archduke Ferdinand - In late June 1914, Archduke Ferdinand, an

important Austrian prince, went to Bosnia and was assassinated there called (in a place Sarajevo), Bosuia wa a amall country in the Balkans. It was under Austrian influence. Austria thought that Serbia (a country near Bosnia) planned the

In

assassination. fact, Serbía did not plan it. Nevertheless Austria wanted to make use of the chance to teach Serbia a lesson.

2. German support for

Austria - Germany was ruled by Kaiser William II lle was military man, and liked military ventures. He feared that if he did not support Austria, Austria.would be angry and give up friendship with Germany. By this time, as you have learnt; Austria was Germany's only ally. Other powers, Britain, France and Russia, were allied to each other against Germany and Austria. Austrian ultimatum to

二期星

Serbia Austria was emboldened by the

German support. She sent an ultimatum (a declaration of demand If not accepted, then war would be on) to Serbia. Then Austria: declared war on. Serbia when Serbia refused to accept all the demands.pa Russia preparing for. war Russia did not want the Balkans to be under Austrian and German influence. Russia knew that Britain and France vere her allies. So Russia prepared for war (by mobilizing her armed forces) Austria became alarmed.

Germany going into var

Germany had thought that she could defeat France first and then turn east to fight Russia, thinking that Russia was backward and could mobilize only slowly. However, now that Russia had Mobilized her forces, Germany believed she must act quickly before Russia could further prepare for var. Germany believed

that France would support Russia. Therefore, Germany. ordered an attack on both France and Russia. This step led to four of the five great-povers in a war: Germany, Austria, France and Russie, Britain's entry into war The neutrality of Belgium was very important to Britain because if any power occupied Beligum, that power could easily invade Britain When Germany attacked France, she went through Beligum, violiating Belgian, neutrality. Thus Britain declared vai on Germany

All Europe at war Therefore all the five great powers were at war,

You will learn about the

causes (both underlying.

and immediate) of the

First World War next

time.

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ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS(7) S.F. Ko

Mill & Dale Press Ltd.

Exercise 4 Co-Geometry Notes:

1. Distance between Z

pointas

2. area of ABC»ła,

where

3. Point division

formula: P(x, y) divides AB in r:1

where X

1+r.

1+r

4. Angle between 2 lines

with slopes m

tan t

2 lines are parallel if mm,

2 lines are perpendi cular if

5. Equations of a

straight: (a)Point-slope form:

y=y1 =m(x-x1) (b)Slope-intercept

日七十月一十年一八九一暦公年十七國民華中 育教

form: y=mx+C

(c)Intercept form:

#

(d)Normal form:

zc08 &+ysinx sp 6. Distance from a point to line Ax+By+C=0: A(h)+B(k) +C

da

2 A+B

The family of lines. through the point intersection of 2

lines:

\\k{A2x+By+C ̧)=0

8. Equations of circles:

2. 22 (a)x +y^«r=1

centre(0,0),

rudiuser

(b){x-8)^+(y-b)2=r centre(a,b), radius=r

2 2

(c)x+y

+y+2gx+2£y+C=0 centre(-g,-1)

radius g + 1 Standard equations of Barab

#4ac

ellipse:

hyperbola:

Work Examples:

Find the co-ordinates of the points which divide, internally and externally, the line joining the point A (a+b, a-b) to the point B(a-b, a+b) i m the ratio a:b. Solution:

Let P divides the line AB internally and externally in ri

Now, for P(x, y) where

(a+b)+~(a−b)

(a+b)b+a(a−b) a+b

a+b

(a-b)+(a+b)

(a−b)b+a(a+b)

a+b

+2ab

a+b

For Q(x, y) where

(a+b)~~(~b)

1-6 (a+b)b-a(a-

b-a

2

b-a

(a+b)—=(a+b)

1-5 (a-b)b-a(a+b

Given that L, :*

and L2:y=mx+C Find the coudition that the line Lg may be a tangent to the circle L. Hence find

the equatiụn of the tangents from to the circle.

2

2 4

(3,

Solution;

L3 meets L where

+(mx+C)2=

(1+m2)x2 +2Cm1+

If bŋ is a tangent to

L..., then the roots of

this equation are equal. **(20m)-4(

-(1).

which is the condi tion that

tangent to the circle

• Now,

tangents (3,-2)

since the

Pass through

-2-m(3)+0

c2-(-2-31)2. (2) ~

Form (1) and the circle

we have

2=(1+m2) 22

1.6. C2-4(1+02) From (2) and (3)

(~2~30)2-4 (1+m2)

1.0.5+12-0

my maű or

C=-2 or 26-

the equations of the tangents are

yu(0)x-2 and

-12

5.

26.

ya-2 or y+2-0-

and 12x+5y=26

Ans.

Alternative Method fo the first part::

Since the line in a tangent the distance from (0, 0) to the line radius

0-(0)-C

Exercise 4

(1+82).

Given that the points A(2, 3), B(7. 5).

(-2) and AB, AC

are divided internally at E and F such that AE EB-AF: rc-3:20

Find the co-ordinatèa. of E and F. Prove that EP is parallel to BC. Given that P(4, 1), and the line,

-£:4y=3x-200

P is joined to any bu point Q on / and. PQ is produced beyond Q to R so that PQ:PR=1:3. Find the equation of the locus of R as Q Doves.

The sides AB, BC, CA of a triangle ABC lie along the line 2x+3ym0,@y-21-0 and 4x+5y-7-0 respectively Find the co-ordinates of the orthocentre. 4. Find the equation of the normal to the

10.

parabola xhay at the point A(2a, a) on it, If this normal cuta the parabola again in B, find the co-ordinates of B. Find the angle aubtended at the origin by AB.

5. Given that the line

£;_y=t=n(x−s) and the circle, £:x" +ý Show that

2

2

{•~~r~}n2-Zatmet2-r if touches c. Find the values of m so that the line

y-4-m(x-7) touches the circle

=0