1981-11-09 — Page 22

報日僑華

example, the Boxer

頁二第張六第日三十月十年酉辛腦夏

WAH KIU YAT PO

1982

played by..

中學會考試題預習專欄

(六)

歷史

明德出版社胡應亮提供資料

Philip Y.L.Woo

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

THE 1911 REVOLUTION.

In the following

discussion, we would learn about the 1911 Revolution in China. This topic.is perhaps of special relevance today. in view of the emphasis given to it by both Mainland China and Taiwan. But history is no

politics of any sort. It is important to bear the. following points in mind ns.regards the.1911 Revolution:

1. The revolution broke

out on Detober 10, 1911. But the Ch'ing Dyansty did not fail until early 1912. Se the Republie started not until 1912 too. The revolution was not. a well-planned one. Revolutionaries -prepared for it

hurriedly, and most of them expected it to be a failure. Therefore the eventual success was a Burprise. This did not mean that the revolutionaries like Sun Yat-sen had done. -nothing to bring ahout

the revolution. They did. But they did not expect it to be as it was in 1911-12, and that's all.

Revolutioneries are

not fortune-tellers,

so.we-cannot expect

then to predict events. of the future.

5. Because the revoluti on

ended the age-old '' monarchical system of government in China, historiana: may: exaggerate the

importance

of the part.

revolutionary leaders **ike Sun Yat-sen. In fact, Sun Yat-sen did play a part in

hringing about the: revolution, but it was int as important as people thought. It is perfectly OK to respect Sun Yat-sen, le was a great: man and this is perfectly. true. But a respect for Sud Yat-sen should not blind us to look at history in as objective a way as we can be...

When the Ch'iag Dynasty ended, we may eay.

that revolutionaries overthrew it. that the weak Dynasty collapsed by itsel

In fact, both of the se two processes were at work. But b. is more important than a.

REASONS FOR THE 1911 REVOLUTION

1. Coming of the west and growing imperialien The Westerners came to China and opened her. up since 1840. From 1895 to 1900, China. was nearly partitioned hy foreign powera. Many Chinese people. tried to save China in different ways:

. At first, they

thought they could reform the Ch'ing Dynasty and make China.strong again. But the Self- Strengthening Movement (1862–1894) and the lundred Day Reform (1898) ended in failure. This showed that reform seened a hopeless ·

Then, some Chinese people tried to resist. foreigners

by arned force, For

Uprising (1900-1901) Thia method was equally ineffective, More and more Chinese (especially learned meu) felt that to save China, the.Ch'ing Dynasty must be overthrown. The failure of n. and b. above seemed to show that this laat way was the only way.

2. The need to modernize.

China-Limited reform did not make China atrong. Many people felt that China must follow, the Western povers in establishing a government based on the people. Thus the Ch+ing Dynasty must be overturown.

REASONS. FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE. 1911 : NEVOLUTION

This is different from the reasons for the revolution (which you have just learnt). When we speak of the reasons (or causes) for the revolution, we expect to answer WHY there was a: revolution. When we speak of the reasons (or causes) for the success of the revolution, we expect to answer WHY the Chring Dynasty could not defend itself in 1911-12, 1. Decline of the Ching

Dynasty - £s we pointed out last time, the Ching Dynasty had heen on the decline since the early 19th century, politically (ive. weak political control over the

growing indepen- power of social leaders called

enees), socially

acuular-gentry (鄉紳)),

economically

(ie, the government hecoming poorer and poorer),

militarily (the

and

government's armed

一期星

日九月一十年一八九一圈公年十七國民華中

forces becoming weakery and weaker). If there had not been the coming of Westerners. which stimulated reform and revolution perhaps new dynasty might have replaced the Ch'ing Dynasty. And then Chinese

Sway would perhaps:

one

repeated itself: dynasty following

another.. Foreign imperialism- Chinese people wanted to save their country. The Ch'ing Dynasty tried to save itself. only. Besides, the Manchus (who ruled. the Chinese) of the Dynasty were a foreign people in the eyes of many Chinese. So people tried to overthrow the Ching Dynasty.

3. Effects of the Late

Ch'ing Refarm (1901- 1911) – D the last 10 years of the Ching Dynasty, some" reformi attempts were made by the Manchus, such as:

sending students to places like Japan to. study, but these students became educated and then dissatisfied with the corrupt rule of the Ching Dynasty (because of new.

ideas). Many of

these st

students.

became revolution- aries aiming at overthrowing: the Dynasty.

practice of constitutional rule, which gave a chance: to local provincial Leaders (called

scholar-gentry) to establish independ- ent:power against: the central

government. military moderniza~ tion, and the creat tion of new armies,

but this only led to

the rise of regional armies loyal to

regional leaders

like Yuan Shii-kai and not to the central government. As you can see, the Ch'ing Dynasty tried 'to save itself by making important educational, govern- mental and military changes, but the reform changes only quickened the downfall of the Dynasty, itself because the re foras led to forces that aimed at overthrowing the Dynasty, instead of saving ït.

The Chinese. Revolutionary movement

This was Ted by ten like Sun Yat-sen and Huang Hsing (黃興). They tried many times to overthrow the Ch'ing Dynasty.

EVENTS LEADING TO THE 1911 REVOLUTION.

1. New army in the Wuhan

areas - The aroy was formed as part of the late Ching Reform. But many of the soldiers and officera were influenced. by revolutionary ideas and were not loyal to the Dynasty. They set up revolutionary organizations, one of which was called CLiterary Society(交社) The Literary Society prepared a revolt, But on October 9,1911 the revolutionaries

accidentally explosed a bomb when: doing testing. The government knew the plan, The revolution- ariea feared that further delay would lead to their being captured by the government, so they

started a revolt the

刊週樂音育教

next day, October 10

even though prepara→ tions had not been

fully made. It was a zuccess.Vulan fell.

Declarations of independence by the provinces – The following people should have come to the help of the Ch'iag Dynasty even if Vultan vas in the hands of

the revolutionaries:

(a)gnverument: officials (h) the army (e) scholar- gentry in local- provincal levels, BUT they did not. In fact in the following 2. months or so, they declared their Pes independent. -

Ch'ing

Dynasty's control. This formally pus an end to the Ching. Dynasty .

CONCLUSION: COLLAPSE OF THE CHING DYNASTY

The revolutionaries (like Sun: Yat-sen) provided: slight push (local small- scale revolts like the one on October 10, 1911). against the Ch'ing Dynasty. Because the Ching Dynasty, was very weak (vith weak political control over the

provinces) and hecause there were not supporters of the Dynasty (traditional supporters

• like scholar-gentry, officials, military men the Ch'ing Hynasty. collapsed.

第四R

(明年初舉行歷屆最光輝之. 第十屆香港藝術節

·揚及推廣他們的創作研業。

團和倫敦藝人演出小型歌劇「諾埃爾與格漲」等 ▲锌凡歌啊圈一 出凡爾第名到「麥克白」),倫敦節日巴贵舞團,英國默劇團,米尙狄术 來眷恩第十屆香港藝術節演出的外國码術團體尚有瑞士蘇黎世皆樂透發團,克城夫蘭管弦樂鯽

修堂舉行。前在中文大學與基學院及香港理工學院亦有個別項自演出。 本团藝術饰演出振所,主要都仍會集中在大會堂,藝術中心區劇院,荃硏大會堂及REA

主辦當局並且攷慮在藝術節期間四個星期的午將及畫心時間提供免費的節目欣賞。

VÄÄSEBAMMERVEWARE/VA/\/\/\/\VER\/\/\EVIEWS,

樂會,邀請到三位歌唱家聯合演唱多首流行的電産热,受學於當地男中音歌唱家馬利媽的門下 政局又將於大會堂百樂峯主辦一個性質獨特的音:已隨師學習樂樂。一九七〇年因業務旅行,路 市政局在推廣本港的文化音樂活動方面,可狒剂,並經畲參加各類前唱活動。 迎合香港人的喜好。十一月十八日下午八時,市舜木落一商界人士。自幼愛好替樂,在求學時 群不進餘力。年來一直主辦各式各攒的安演,以'陳供生於一九五八年畢業於本港中文大學; 得益不少::

府,变馬會,市政府以及其他機構發款資助,因此畢假可以不必提高。 今成香港奏術節的支出乃歷屆最靠大者,而門券收入預計不足三成,所出現之逆差將由香港政 香裤藝術節協會主席邵逸夫爵士上星期在記者招待會中發言:爲使语十週年,香港當雀庵前與技巧。 更

東加 翁强、陳供生、程雅南 加光線,他則當機了中国,英国,瑞士,法國,英語,意大利,羅馬尼亞,以色列的八百多位器

上海歌劇院舞劇團也來參予 耗資近八百萬元的第十屆香港藝術節,將於明年一月底至二月舉行,影插曲,一新耳目。 的其特色是首次段桀「宛重藝術節」。並且上海歌劇院抑劇團亦將來港合子齒出插連粉的 核嗨唱會將由女高眢程雅南,男高音翁强及; 陳氏經常在香濬公開演唱,也會加歌劇「 ̇程雅南於美國俄勒商玛利秕斯學院綮米, 出于阿拉任香雅樂團的配唱。 音樂學士好,其後再笈加拿大及倫敦深造歌唱,他亦會應邀作海外演唱,去年會碼還到廣州 【男低音供生聯袂演出,並由盧大中銦琴律奏 " 愛情甘露」,「被出賣的靳姐」及「甜姑」的沉 、上海及北京等城市演唱,甚獲好評,當時更棒 力向國游介

甫家装 表商一百五十項節目。

八

二,新裂形雄展覽,中國神話世界,中國木偶取寬等, 度把術表演,音樂劇「馬靈精」及「小丑大會」,此外還有京劇遊戲(於氣座,患,及電視的前 月十三日,節自達四十多項。內容有貶為「頑皮標統人」,克語苦樂樂劇「愛麗斯漫遊仙境」及的「又參加拿台 师:,本屆藝南節並首次璠游一項兒意藝術節,由本委員會與藝術中心合辦,於明年一月廿七日至二行該唱會, 国模術酷指導威利士介绍本足浴整節節目:上海歌舞鳚院舞劇團將商出模樣以忠邪對立的种躇构 学院的行獒案及藝術系。

舉行聯合演唱會

出,聲名遠播。!

互相輝映。劍橋劇團另一項演出基蒼伯納名劃「康歌妲」。 的舞怼一封珍榜之減瘓山」其規辣,音樂及舞台設計的精湛技巧將吸引觀光,並有特技演出。

·香港話劇團和文名的英國劍橋劇国將分别以考語和英語演出莎士比亞名劇「翻译花」,糍時可

| 沸後,隨本灣著名女中善陳之盤學習,一九

考古工作人员正在清理出土的組 康徽文化著各及屈毒装示遠方香港中發雄將演出,這名曲,霍寫新作曲,女中音醫唱的「古計 三年瀀挑學金赴奥地利虽爾斯堡莫扎特普樂學院,影都曲,前有「國王與我」,「姐要對美咯地

明年一月奉行

編舞比賽

六二年4月舉行,出國,加大會堂之公開表演。

,是次初賽將於一九人及股各一,

家生評判團挑選之佳作

術節舉行期間在大會堂,十六號七樓消防大阪各 將於一月于一日香港藝 可去函香港干諾道中四 粵曲方面,堪冩前鋒:

,古典,現代,東方 埃安交网上址。”

·參加作品形式不拘,並於本年十一月十四日

成功。

湖北随裔於三年前會發挝出土一批由六匹四塊組的標昝位置,就能發出合乎一定看階的秦晋。遂 |歡迎,開關彭氏·並隱邀投太空館作諱座,提到八組怒掛在銷錯的梁上,只要敲擊鑄刻在额上 一生憑香港中樂團之邀來港指議對塔音樂會,辯受

她那安由六十四塊組成的挺飽,出土時,分三秒

件舉世無雙的古代樂器,雖然在地下埋藏了二千堂及伊利沙伯體育館桀斑變售。

·四百多年-

【八月中旬 又一座古代「地下音樂廳」

在湖北省隨

泰州市西賂,於王,湖北酒域二號墓出土一批重要文物,如酸性宫

仍然很好

爱嘉(又叫食馅乙高,是校國早期的會國一位名,獨有的又一無愛早、最全的古代演奏樂器。 漢早在一九七八年,在廬州市發掘的擂鼓敬,高約一米。這套術節,是會侯乙编途,以外我国 考古工作者酸甜的擂鼓墩二號點,共出土文物數今年從打鼓墩二號發掘出的文物中,有掛說 百件,其中毀爲珍貴的是古代的編鐘,石磐嚓」編三十六件:石磐十二兵,以及九鼎八基等. 【又一座的「地下音樂數」出生了。由湖北省能演奏。人們因此稱還花方,第一地下洗菜。 和波高義在东與太太林

大五青銅禮器。慤次出土的編錘,有兩個各大,

古今茶曲都

WWWWWWAAAAAAAAAAA^^^^^^^^AAAAAAAANN

和波高義

邀配傷殘人士不該只要求毗會多加援助。他說: 但他又指出以是塔多些同情心是無補於事的。他

• 相信它會令人們平加注意到我們的特殊需耍。」

他對國際延年的工作很來觀,他說:「我 三了說英語,意大利语,雙語,還會說少許法語。 的巴塞爾爲總部。得了便於在歐洲旅行,他學會 開音樂會,其他一半時間則在歐洲演奏,以瑞士 . 最近幾年中, 和波每年有一半的時間在日本 器的帮助,和波不可能成為音樂家。. 曲,不斷增加他演奏的曲醫。沒有她諱樣積極不 協助。三十年來,她一直用心準備官人文字的樂 鹹斷功於他自己的努力以及他母親國子專衆不激的 ——十大破的和波能有今天出人頭地的聲譽, 伴奏者是他的夫人椰子,她是東京國立美術音樂 +彎曲-殳後沾奕的是拉維爾的作品。和波的鋼琴,

·勃朗姆斯·巴哈,克萊斯勒和日本的石非真木的 中舉行,今年四月二十八日,和波在那裏演变了 沈由和假消磨的慈善乎太會,在該組織的金議堂 際勞工組織去會酸,决定由國際勞工組織主辦一 D.寫借給和波,五月中和波自己到日内瓦的國

·利委員會副主席岩橋英代釆保勞工組織(I 否可以有所實試。一九八〇年三月,世界人 .. 今年永聯合禧國際傷殘年,和波想到自己是 的小提琴家,在國際上頗有地位的小提琴演奏名 適的。他雖然天生爾已全官,但却是日本第一 :用「小提琴家』來形容和米高義是葉春 日本盲人小提琴家

「一廬曲藝」 粵曲演唱

谜

座講樂音者作祝梁

此錄影帶中得來。

門票一你入元,現已在大會堂無分發出。

流

十八樓。榴請注意:每逢星斯諾,爲截稿日期。 本版樂於偽歌、舞、樂團體或個人刊登演出

ㄓ力對社會作出实歡。」

伯德育館表演塲主辦一場粵曲演唱會,由「 .. 市政局將於十一月十五日晚上八時商伊利沙 他們該誰會到自己對社會增加了不少負批,憑族 血藝研唔死」的成員桓綱演出,演唱粵曲多首。 「「「曲藝研唱殛」将一個不牟利的圍骸,所公開發售。座位有限,欲免向隅,購票從速。期必須在冰週以前寄到——編者

是次講座的門券一个五元,現已在大會堂累,例如,傘稿若希望在下透刋出(通常是遁.),