1981-06-23 — Page 22

頁二第張六第20日二十月五年酉辛歷鑿

1981.

中學會考試題預習專欄

歷史科建識答案钅

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The Versailles Treaty wue part of the

Versuriles Settlement

(which as a whole put an end to the First World War). So the trendies that the Allies signed with other defeated powers (like Austria. Hungary etc) were irrelevant as far this question is concerned,

You can include these materials in your essay:

The objectives of Clemenceau France vas. deliberately invaded by Germany when the First World War started, and much fighting was dẹnė“ on French sail when the war went on. So France wanted to cripple Germany for ever, so that in future: Germany would be powerless.. to attack her again; - Security was the must, important objective for Clencuiceau, Also, since France, thought that the war was started by the -aggressiveness of

Germany, Germany should, be made to pay for the harm done

2. The objectives of Lloyd

Gebrze Britain bad not suffered as greatly as France had, al though the British efforts in defeating the Central Powers must not be underestimated. So the

demands that Britain" had on Germany were not as harsh' aa_France's. Basically, the interests of Britatu were Commercial and colonial, not territorial, So the most important objective was to ensure that peace. was arrived at quickly Land (norma I chumerce; -

would resume quickly; The British people. wanted Germany to pay

for the war to be sure but Lloyd George might not listen to them without change.

The objectives of Wilson - His objectives were the most easily known because of the 14 Points which he professed. In essence, the 14 Pointa called for future. treaties and alliances. to be openly arrived at by people, fulfuliment of national, determination (that is, prople could. Yule their own.

countries) and creation, of a League of Nations, Through the League of

Nations, differences and

misunderstanding between

countries, equld be

WAH KIU YAT PO.

overcome. Wilson

believed; that it was the. Alliance System (its

secret, nature, itu. defence against one

another) that caused the First World War. To avoid a similor vari therefore, European powers must cooperate whole-heartedly. The USA did not enter war. till 1917 and had

suffered practically

nothing great, No wonder Wilson had idealistic

abjectives in mind, contrary to Clemenceau. and perhaps Lloyd George" who wished to punish Germuny

How far the objectives realised and met (a) Wilson's idea of a

League of Nations was fulfilled. This was partly because alber powers

(Britain and France) wished to give ground an "this

matter in exchange for American approval of other. things, as follows.

(b) Germany had to pay.

Isrge indemnity, to be determined by a cubmission. The ideanity was called reparațious.

Clemenceau and Lloyd' George were- astisfied,

Germany, gave France back Alsace

Lorraine. Wilson was satisfied, fle had wanted this because he thought that the problem of Alsace- Lorraine caused the First World War Germany was to be disarmedy deprived of colonies etc. (e) Others 5

ther

Conclusions et

Although Germany was punished, this did not: prove to give France enough sense of security. The USA did; int approve of entry into the League of Natrous, the very body that Viisun advocated. Britain was busy with internal re-construction. after the war. As a

result, the peace treaty satisfied hardly any one.

Factors that enabled Hitler and Mussolini, to come to power, Compare and contrast.

There are these points to remember when, answering this question.

Compare and contrast" questiona are more t difficult to answer. It

is advisable to write down' the factors that explained Hitler's success and the factors that explained

Mussolinita success: Then you can pick out the common ones and -point cut tie

incomparable ones.

-Nazia itself was

sometimes called a kind of Fascism. This dealin

that there were

common

報日橋

conditions in whicjà. Nezian and Fasciam became popular.

You can iure lude. these anterinis in your essay

Comparable factors

Condecretion of the Versailles Settlement- Both MussẢling and Hitler condemned the Versailles Settlement and obtained much support from the Italians kil Gevou respectively ⠀ In both countries, the people thought that Mussolini or Hitler, would be thie strong leader to free their natión: from the humiliations of the Versailles Settlement: (4) In Italy after 1919,

many nationaliste felt that the Allies had not justly tovarded Italy at the peace conference of Paris

(B) In Germany after

1919, many wh nutionalists felt that the Versailles Treaty was imposed. on Germany as a dictated peace, with mony humiliating terme like the war- guilt clause, huge reperations and logs

of territories. Making use of the fear of communi am Both Mussolini and Hitler mode use of this fear and presented themselves as the defender of their country's culture against communist thrent. At that time in. Europe, auch a comunist threat was. increasingly felt because Russia became a communist country successfully since 1917

Backed by wealthy people and ultra-rightist power

Both Mussolini and Hitler were supported by industrialists, financiers or landowners who feared communism nore than any

other thing. When fighting against the communïats; the two men and their parties received much money from these wealthy. people. In the case of Mussolini, he was. invited to join the rightist government in 1920 and enjoyed. respectability because

In the case of Hitler, rightists invited him to form a government because. the rightists did not enjoy enough popularity a themselves. In both cusen, the rightists thought that they could use the two men to acquire enough vetes in elections, In bath cEYES, the two sen proved to make use of the rightísta and then seized dictatoria), power in the end instead. 3. Supported by the lover-

middle classes – In Italy, this class of

"people were hard hit by

economic difficulties.

二期星

during the First World War. In Germany, this class of people were nearly ruined by the harmful effects of the Great Depression (1929- 30), Beth Mussoliui and Hitler received, support from them.

Using militaristiv. elements in society After tile First Worlờ War, many soldiers, found.

it únable to return to normal civilian life, after four years" of bloody combat, Buth Mussolini and Hitler recruited many of their: party members from these people. Mussolini's Fascists and Hitler's Nazis (the SA, fog. example) had been

soldiers in the First World War in many cases. 5. Dynamic oratory power -

The 1920s and 1950s were decades of change" and confusion, in Europe. The First World War had shown that an advanced- civilization could become mad will countries fighting each other titi. death. People were TA despaired. Ruth Mussolini and Hitler had very good and powerful oratory power. They could persuade people to. support them. Despaired people would easily b persuaded by tliem.

Incomparable Pactors

Italy was a monarchy but Germany was a Republic (the Weimar Republic). In Italy, was the King who invited Musaolinï to form, a government. In Germany it was the President (indenberg) who did Ta 1921, Mussolini threatened to "march on Rome" to seize power by military methods. Hitler, however, used legal ways to become Chancellor in 1953, though: both me: used violence to build up power before 1921 1933.

Hitler rose to power very auch because the Great Depression bit. Germnaz seriously. In

the case of Mussolini, tovever, there was not yet a Great Depresàíon' when he seized power.

Hitler obtained power more than 10 years after Mussolini In some ways, Hitler had Mussolini as an example.

The Berlin Blockade and the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. How did these two, events affect the development of the Cold War in post-1945. Europe?

There are these požute ta remember when answering this question:

You must describe the

two events briefly,

日三廿月六年一八九一屦公年十七國民華中 自播育教

Otherwise you calino,2;

hope to discuss the

significance that they

kad in the development,

of the Cold War:

You are not asked to ̧” describe the course of the. Cold War in detail. The Forl in Blockade and the North Atlantic Trenty Organization were only two of the Cold Wars major events.

You can include these auterials in your essay:

The Berlin. Blockade Juni 1948 to May 1949.

1. At the end of the Second

World War, when the" Allies successfully. arched into Germaniy Berlin was divided intop

four zones, one of which- was occupied by Soviet Rusajay In 1948, the Western powers (whe

occupied the other Zunes) discussed vitti Soviet Russia For a re-mafication of

Germany

But Soviet Russia had no intention to give up control over ita Gernan zone The relations between, the Eastled by Soviet Russia and, the West led by the USA bad.

not been good.

Berlin "was within the Zone, necupied by Sovjet Russia. The city was divided into zones between the Western pavers, and Soviet Russia. in the same manner, Therefore the Western. pavers had to go through territories occupied by Soviet troops before reaching their. zones in Berlin

Soviet Russia forbade any contact that the Western pavers wanted to have with their zones Berlin

(a) The land curridors

to Berlin were closed,

(b) The new currency that

the Western powers introduced in Germany was banned.

The Western powers supplied the needs of their żonas in Berlin` entirely by air. The whole event was known as the Berlin Blockade.

Soviet Russia lifted the blockade a year inter.

Effects:

(e) The dispute hastened

the division of Germany into two. hostile states: one under Western protection caffed: West Germany, and the other controlled by. Soviet Russia' called East Germany This deepened the Cold War between the East and the West.

(b) The Western powers

were further alarmed

by Soviet Russia's

apgressive policies. Distrust between the two sides was more serious.

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization

1. In view of the spread of

comunism in Eastern Europe, and the active role, played by Soviet: Russin in controlling the communist states there the Western powers intended to strengthen their defence against the Eastern Blochy network of alliances, France proposed, an NG

lliguce among European povers only, éxejuding the USA,

2. However, the USA had

since 1945 abandoned her traditional isolationist policy. Besides, given the power of the USA and. in view of the decline of Europe in world-

ffairs, it became clear soun thất, the CSA mirst be invited to join the alliance,

In 1949 the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed, It was a treaty of collective defenceM agalist condutrigo. If any NATO member was attacked by the Eastern Blue, the other NATO members would come to its help. Within a few years, the USA, Britain, Canada, Belgium, Holland.. Luxemburg, Norway,

Iceland, Denmark, Greece

Turkey, Italy? West Gergany Prance and Portugal were all members

Effects

(a) The NATO was largely

a creation by the Americans. It us heavily armed vith American nilitory forces too? To Soviet Russia, therefore, the NATO was exclusively anti Soviet in nature.

(b) This led the East Bloc to form a similar mutua) defence organization to counter the NATO- Thus there was the Karsaw Pact.

(e) Before the Berlin

Blockade, and the

NATO confrontation between the East Be and the West Bloc did hot cun to the open. After this, military factors were taken into consideration. The Cold Wer became more serious.

THE END

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REFERES (LSK) •* *•PER • (BE

·授徒零時,新聞報案,將分的,天氣報告,唱片蟲,开设“卅五分,沿着葵案

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• 四十五分,改变用字 香港第五台 填空中俱樂部》。

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,卅分,「的士司機」,皆通話,第五腰。

·香港第二台 家櫙、李)。

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·凌晨一時 + 新聞網卅分·天氣報告。

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卅分,新簡。

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「繼淆「唐及開心菜」,卅分,林英國廣流電淨卅分,捕捉,天十五分,岑曲,卅分:

八時,新開崱視,由五時至漫族二時,天氣報告,早晨老友泥一降,喜乎頂或著「卡她片」。

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老友记,卅分,阳,卅分,天氣報告。 「天氣報告,一糊精皐三時,約你又約我「奇」。. 七時,新開館设, 卅分,天美報告,熔业」,十五分,「民間傳

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·

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·一時廿分,至日樽

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