1981-06-20 — Page 33

the Boxer Uprising of 1900–015

版邨新潤益育教

1981

頁一第張九第一日九十月五年酉辛潘

WAH KIU YAT PO

Shimonoseki

1898

中學會考試題預習專欄

歷史科確答案∂

明德社提供

Suggested Answers to·μ‚©‚É‚È.

HISTORY (Paper I).

The objectives of the Hundred Daya' Reform in 1998 and of the Late Chling Reform in 1901-1911:"

Objectives of the Hundred Dayu Reform..

Started by the Emperor. and some young reformers They wanted to save China as a country from Western threats. The Empresa Dowager Yaa

opposed to the reform movement.

In response to China's defeat in the Sino- Japonése War of 1894–95.

Wanted to try

institutional changes (pien-fa-15), knowing that military-

technological reforas

of the 1862–1894 period were useless.

In Peking, young

reformers like Kang: Yụ-: wei had a chance to: advance to positions, of pover through the reform mavement.

Results of the Hundred Days Reform

Lasted for only 105 days.

Moal of the reforms were not carried out, The Emperor issued many reform decrees but the provinces did not listen to him. Only in Hunan (湖南) was there a more serious attempt. & 4,7 carrying out the reforms. A

Because of the reform: movement, many

conservatives were ̈ disnatiafied. They disliked the changes. Conservative power was re-established at the Ch'ing Court. This

explained in part the outbreak of the Boxer Uprising, when the conservative Empress Dowager invited the Barers to enter Peking. On the other hand, many. Chinese nationaliste thought that reform was useless to save China? They welcomed revolution as anyther, way,

3. Wanted to modernize.

China's different

aspects (including military educational, economic and political mattery). Not just heavy:

emphasis on institutiousT changes.

Reformers in the

provinces liad a chance

to strengthen their own local power against

central authority. In the end, this led to growing. pruvincial

decentralization. Results of the Late Ch'ing. Reform,

lasted for about 10 years.

Reform measures were often thought out and carried out in the

Lie

different provinces. But the more the provinces: tried these refera measures, the more Central Government, ia Peking found it. difficult to control the provinces.

a educational reform

Students were sent tó other: countries: for education, but in the end many students became anti-Mauchi.. military reform - Provincial armies were created, "but Chey were provincial leaders like Fan Shi-kai,

..Lv.

Central Government.

As noted above, the reforms produced forces, that acted against the Ch'ing Uynasty, instead of supporting it as the Manctius expected. So instead of saving the Dynasty, the reform movement in the end helped to destroy it.

2. Japan expanded towards

China in the period 1870- 1915. How far was this o result of Japan's economic development in the same

There are these points to remember. when answering this question ab

Objectives of the Late

Ch'ing Reform |

1874

Started by Manchu nobles and

and rulers (including the

the Empress Dowager

1879

herself) to re-establish

Mauchu rule over Chins'

at: Farges

In response to China's nearly being partitionéd

There were a number of important events that illustrated Japan's expansion towards

in the period; k

-1871)

China

Treaty of... Tientsin (Japan trying to:get:? the most favoured-nation clause from

China in order to share the commercial : privileges that

Western powers

enjoyed in

China)-

Invasion of

Taiwan (then

control over

the place)

Annexation of Taiwan

1894-95 Sino-Japanese

by the foreign powers in 1895

War (over the

control of :Koreny:

Treaty of

Chuaining.

Fukien of Ching

as a sphere of influence;

during the Scramble für Canecasions, (1896-1900).

1904-03 Struggle with

1914

advantages in Manchuria

Đức đã tự tệ the Russo-Japanese

Dp the outbreak of the Firat World War,

seizing thė", Germán righte and concessiona at Shậntung. Presentation of the 21 Demands

There were many farters feconomie, political, military, spcial, etc) that explained, the. events of Japanese expansion towards China Écoramic factora vere only some of all the factors..

ABONE fall the factorki

Lize most important ane might be different In different events, in the early part of the pinrisd (from:4874.toahbus. 1890) ecoziomic factors. were not so importätit. buying the latter part

of the period (from about 1890 to 1915) economic factors played sin increasingly important part

You cau, include these materials in your essay; (17 1871 Treaty of Tientis

Japan wanted to become a great power enjoying the international reputation of being: one. Although the economic or commericial privileges of the most- favoured nation clause were real, Japan had not for the time being make full use of those. privileges. So economic factors were not very important. Japon was thinking of political factors i.e. an act of modera diplomacy. (2) 1874. Invasion of Teiwan -- Earlier ið 1873, some

conservative Japanese Tenders (such as Safgo) intended to attack Kores but were stopped. by noderate leaders.. Those conservative leaders disliked the. loss of their samurai hogician (as a result of the Meijít modernization)♥ Moderate leaders like: Ito used the invasion.. of Taiwan as a outlet. for the discontent and military spirit of those conservative leaders. So ecopenie: factora were not important, Japanese. leaders were thinking of national security, and political factors when attacking Taiwan. (5). 1879 Annexation, nf

Taiwan - By copying the

example of Western.

報日僑華

imperialism, Japan

appeared to be a great power among the West powers. So economic factors were unimportant.

(4) 1894-95. Sino-Japanese

War Korea. Was

important to Japan in

several respecteyl

A. Strategic importance

-Japanese control

of Korea would. prevent other powers from getting.control of the place land therefore .. threatening Japan's security. Korea was "a-dagger at Japan' heart some

Leaders

belicred,NDA Political importance.

Japan's reputation on the international acene would be raised if controlling Koreav Economic importance -Korea could be made to supply Japan with, raw materials for industrelization,

investment

opportunities for Japanese capital, and a big market for Japanese goods,

In short, as Japan had undergone modernization and industrialization. for over 20 years, she became increasingly aware of the importance of economic interests (as the Sino-Japaïie se War showed.).

(5) 1898 Fukienas a

Japanese sphere of influence Of course.. one of the reasons for Japan's obtaining. Fukien was that, other Western powers were ecrambling similar rights and concessious from China, and Japan should not fall behind in the race. But Fukien 'as'avaphere f influence gave Japan essentially economic righte, Japanese. leaders gave economie factors much priority. 1904-05 :Russo-Japanese

national security was a real cause of the war But Japan would obtain: important raw materials from Manchuria (what both Japan and Russia fought to control) and other economie bénefits as well if there was a victory against Russia. (7) 1914 Seizure of

Shantung confessions This was clearly motivated by economic considerations, Japan' tried to fish in troubled watër during the period when the Western powers were pre-occupied with the First World War. (8),1915, 21. Demands to

Chìna-There were 5 groups of those

demands; apont economie rights in Manchuria, control of the Hanyehp'ing company (again economic

demand) and so on.

六期星

日十二月六年一八九一番公年十七國民罐中

A goud answer cùn include. these things

真题 more detailed analys of the demoods” that

Japan made in 1895. (before the Triple Intervention; when Russia, France aud Germany forced Japan reduce some of the harsh demand'à' on Chisa Ford example, one of the dengida, was the opening of more treaty-perts, and this was clearly an economie demand. Another demand was thất Japan. could 'upen factories: and set up industries in China, with Jupanese goods manufactured by these factories Tree from all Chinese taxes, This was clearly on ang of economic imperialism. La more detailed analysis

of the 21 Demand's. How many of then:were motivated by economic considerations? How many of them were motivsted. by military/strategic

considerations?

III.a conclusion at the end of the essay. You cali add these points:

(a) In the earlier

"period of 1870-1915,

modernized and industrialized. So. nuc car well expect that the real objective of expansion towards Chino was not so, much economic a's

nerfacturi political, miii Lux or others. For example, nationalism

Many últra-⠀ nationalists in Japan wanted the Government to adopt o more active and forceful foreign: policy, 'The'; Government wished to calm public clamour and obtain more sucial support. it. tried such a foreign policy, but it did not do so with lon important economic considerations in

mind..

(h) Towards the Batter

part of the period, Japan had already. become A industrialized. The need for colonies overseas, concessions in China and other economic benefits became more" and,

Aggressive

industrialists

wanted the Government

to obtaïn more.

economic benefits for them. So Japan 18 expansion towards China was

increasingly motivated. by economic:

considerations. Yet still other factors. (political, military,

uationalist) should

not be ignored.

Problems faced by the KMT

Government in the period

1925-1937. Given these

problems did the KMP

Government succeed in solving them

There are these points, to remember when answering.

The problems that

KIT, Government focu were political, economice spcial, miĮkarya, international etc, in nature. So think out the relevant materials for

along the se lines. You can say a problem and their discuss whether the EMT Government. succeeded in sé lving it e not during the jëriod. Or, you can say all the problems first

tlie and then answer second part.

You can include these materials in your essay: (1) Political problems

faced by the KMT

A. Incomplete political unification over. Chiaust large Despite the 1928 national unification by the K, the Nauking Government (ie KMT Government): did not have complete

the control over all provinces. This was because during the Northern Expedition. (1926-28) the KMT established rule over the provinces often when the Iocal rulers (1.c.. warlords and military leaders) offered their territories under nominal KMT rule. In fact, tliese warlords and military leaders were still in ful i

contral of their territories.

This problem the KMT failed, "to solve even by 1937. By then, however, the Japanese invaded China and the KMT. Government had to retreat to South- west China), Disunity within the KMT Gaverument There were serious

·factional struggles

in the KMT. The KMT

get up many goveriment: departments during this period. The. departments often overlapped one another, and there was administrative

inefficiency. Most importantly, the creation of so many administrative pust led to auch disagreement anong KNT: members. This problem was not es serious as the

·lelow one.

A DEĻUVILIS

(Chinese Communists)

The aud CCP "čuoperated with each

other in 1925-26. against the common

enemies of worlords

and foreign. Buk

荃灣 喜福 新版

青葵

衣涌

荃灣區議會撥專款廿萬

資助各屋邨互助會 就近爲居民辦康樂

若有計劃可獲撥欸·並可調派專人協助 特設小組推展計劃善用邨中設施

區內各公共屋邨的康樂活動工作。; 現有的康樂設施是否足夠,以及居民對那些設施的意見與需要 .爲了進一步推進各公共屋邨居民的康樂生活,荃灣區議會現巴設立了一晔小組,署警致力推行 這個新設的工作小組已首先底開了一項塑查步僻,以了解茲湖-葵涌及逛戏岛方面各公共屋邨 大阪互助

【派出導人作技術上的協助。:

全面調査各邨康樂設施 有感足夠亦有不足

一歡迎。而較老一輩的居民尤其效迎接續區號太嬌班,威學辦象棋比賽等。 區該會撥出事歎二十萬元,以專供區內各公共屋呠內互助委貝會申酬,而飛助舉辦康樂活動的模費,

·根據初步調查所得反應顯示,各邨互助委員會居民對於在邨內安排各位康樂活動多表示需要與 由荃灣區張東樂體育小組委員會分段的上;一推行Œ邨康樂活動工作小組』,現經獲得荃灣 舉行。

·始接受報名參加;全期

·以上兩項目現均開 如康樂體育事務處。如時在荃灣大會堂舉行理 可參加。報名表格可露日至十九日,逢星期 十四歲或以上的居民都判訓練,定於七 只收費點元,凡是區內,聯會合辦一項初級排球 11、四日下午七時至九

|交荃灣衆安街廿一號

部份燈光仍需加强 亦有居民指陳 場地凹凸不平

一有查詢可致鼂話豐式

高克 辦

,

逢星期六及星期日

下午二時半至六時半在

至於各公共屋邨的一

•康樂製骸。有些已大致,中亦不少承認舉斯活動,互助委員若有計劃規出 各公共屋邨互助會一中青少年的興趣,各四六一 ·

| 券涌林士室內體育館

芭蕾舞初學班定於

三定:

▲

一至四十歲居民而射

偏不足,甚或全無照明 常的協助。 可實行贊助各公共屋邨,自行辦理強各程序,以 設備,以致居民於夜間 ̇基森區議會上述特. 這些屋邨康樂活動時至十時,第九班上午 一提供人手協助。 .. 足夠,亦有個別認富不一,除經費不足外,亦缺久,中議,經審核合憑後國,七月十日至九月十三日舉行寶師誤。歡四十 足

可獲得颯威齊助,以及,蓮星期日在荃灣大會|球運動布鄾裝與技術者 。另有些則是燈光数領導人材,希望取得過

常舉行,第八班上午九一加。

海深葉時間驻以焄 說工作小組很突稍後即,他可由各項互助委員會 十時至十一時,第十選 八月基德篮排球比賽中

靑|歡

年迎 門

粤

曲

目項新設所會年青

报殘而四凸不菇級商舫,初步亦贊同先舉辦,參加面同亭障樂。(署一内八歲至十式成兒童, 康樂體育本務處、為提高區內青少年對

▲式調檢威比賽會有影娟 區議會康體處推行

: : 畢業學科狃於本年

一份使用。

上午十一時至十弐時。

此外,間有些摄地,互助委員會推展康樂活 磁致方便居民就近登記

-羼往荃灣及葵涌區|担任裁判實習。

''' 報名表格可向政府,基督教你年會荃灣救所

秕不夠標準,對舉行正瑚談性活動,以提高部)

而對芭臼舞有聘越者都

販也

· 迷小贼佔用了,更有指 ,也有投訴邨內球場

流行健體舞

同元

元,報名辦法與上述相收費十五元。查詢電話,所主辦「粤曲入門」切 歡迎參加,全期收費八千嘉道中變一登號)及曲之照越及認識,將於 各分區事處索取“全期 今年暑假期間在基會

出有些康樂场地匠有科

育事務處並與九排球。

此外,政府康樂體餓或二——八四五三三:粵曲工尺淆,粵曲組 香港青年協會荃灣 淼,荃區內少

「五......四五八五一变,被訓練班,內容包括有 (拓) 織及唱法等,由本會所 【之山組如心阰導師主

戴晓青少年使用。

各幛不少互助寶

【會居民希望與球

,舉行邨內或邨際之類

辦舉區灣荃

節年青業工

練訓工義辦協青

【似黑社會份子流,影

的比賽。亦有希望先從「安康樂體育事務之聯合,以鬱富生活的樂趣。

•在荃灣區隨會與政 | 消及青衣各區居民參加

芭蕾舞初班

荃葵青衣康樂多後、灣業

流行起體奔離定由5

*跏篪怵中靑少各種球技一推動之下,現籟安排兩 及羽毛球等,以培董遫」,流行健體舞及芭管得到日,逢星期一晚上七時

·

訓,定於六月中句首先以據 凡十六歲以上之

其中包括:展覽、表演

事的大小型文娛活動, 九。《岩

二二四〇六KT 萊青年節,同時油

辦爝期一個月的荃灣工二區中心二樓 年會 I

· 寳柜於陸期 將聯合舉,向:荃灣大河道雅麗珊

【區各中心及家庭生活教年報名參加,殺名或止

福來邨區內,休憩塲清新 迪卄式破麥理浩夫人中,

當太平使得聯辦比賽。。初學班,以供亞視,葵至九時,在葛雷和宜合辦市轉工仔做工推推班,還期

心舉行。 九日起至九月犬十日, 第四班則由七月十

BROM

靑少年均可參加,鸿實習宿营收替共计五元。

以請 來 歡新

函迎邨

電投讀消

絡話訴者!

¢悌隣黎蕤珍紀念學校」二二六四五。(細)

|荔景會堂新節目

兒童常識知多少

|十一時帶,在青衣島長|三——七III〇)。石籬中心二二——三

逢星期日上午九時半至一七六,癸秀中心一二——J二六五一四,爾蘭中

—四〇五五五五,葵涌中心二十三

報名者可與下列各中心緣品:醒來中心 請附電話、

·費此紀念能參與有意说服務。 :: 在多項活嘶其中於六月二十八日 特舉辦多項活動及比賽,使區內居民

·九七七年七月强成立,向以推動社會 福利事工為主,現過四週年堂慶。

·社會福利署西供社區會堂自於一

|並頒發獎品。八) ,而比賽優異者於比賽當日得知結果,大會將備紀念品以獎勵並邀請於日後之四退出產中出席

於富日由專業人士師濯及頒獎,樊品除設優異獎外,另各診加者均獲贈紀念品一份。

,報名請到荃灣城門道明愛中心家庭服務部(二—四〇〇三 查到,截止日期爲八一年六

是次比賽將於六月廿七日上午在基灣城門道朗愛中心禮堂舉行,其開輔以卡通影片及短牌,號.

爲四至六歲之學離前兒童,希望菇粉與色比賽,識檢快樂家庭之概念,並培養其創作,審类及分析 兒童繪畫比賽後,再舉辦一「家庭樂」幼兒敬色比賽,面畫將雞身上述繪資比賽之優勝作品,對象 「兒童對家塵生活的詔血及體會,香港明愛荃灣蒀家庭生活教育組纘爲小學生而設之「我愛我的家」 兒童是社會未來之主人。良好的家庭生活及學校教育是培鍌好兒童之實際條件。爲遍高荃灣區

西兒童之參與並藉此加知識及思考能力,凡年由十歲至十三歲兒童均可報名參加,以陶汰形式 「協議知多少」開答比賽,由會堂區下, 巴開始接受訊名,比賽宗宮乃鼓勵區

家庭樂幼兒填色比賽 該槍機青年精工,現

荃灣明愛中心另有家教趣事 《星E)下午二時學雉之「兒童!

四、上海张格及閽我已傭,可親往落景邨

象山邨達成•薨麗休塲