1981-01-18 — Page 15

育教僑士 頁三第張四第 日三十月二十年申庚涵夏

1981

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Economics (15)

K. K. Wong & L. T. Chan

MILL & DALE PRESS.

Population

Factors affecting the size of population

There are a number of factors affecting the size of population of a country.

A group of individuals living in a nation makes up a population of the country. A population is always changing, depending on the rate at which

es individual members reproduce, die or migrate. In other words, the rate of birth, rate of death, and rate of migration are the major factors determining the size of a nation's population. They are described in details as follows:

HaBirth rate. The size of

population is partly determined by the rate of birth of its citizens. A country with high Wirth rate increases its population size. However, brith rate is affected by the food supply and the living environment of the place where they are situated. A country having sufficient supply of food, natural resources, fresh air and clean water, and also with good economic achievement and adanced technical skills! usually tends to have a higher birth rate, since the

ou

vironment is favourable enough for the reproduction of Human beings. However, in

me under-developed countries, the birth rates are high mainly because an increasing expulation size can supply more labour force for their

duction activities, as long.

as they are labour-intensive.

(b) Death rate; The death rate

of a country depends on whether

can introduce modern

administration Improving law

warfare. Also, the introduction

and order and eliminating local

of modern transport. communication, and

distribution reduces local

"Jamines, Furthermore, a

Country introducing public health measures controlling diseases can reduce the death

brate.

(c) Net migration rate: In each year, there are some persons moving into a country from another country, and also some: persons moving out of a country to live in another country. The former is called immigration, and the latter is known as emigration. The balance of migration, the difference between immigration and migration, is added to the size of population of the country.

However, the balance of

igration does not affect the total population of the world as a whole. Strict immigration laws prevent people freely from one country to another.

In this case, the size population of a country is largely determined by the death

rate and birth rate,

To conclude, the size fa country's population is a combined result of the three

日八十月一年一八九一股公年十七國民畫中、

WAH KIU YAT - PO

報日僑

revolution.

日期星

responsible for all defeats suffered by Russia,

rates described above. The size of population can become larger as the birth rate is greater than the death rate,

while the migration is held constant.

II. Effects of population changes

The rapid growth of population has posed many problems on the world as a whole. They are described as follows:

(a) The problem of food: An increasing population demands for higher food production. On the other hand, the quality of food and its nutritional value are both important to a country of rising living standards. Thus there may y exist a situation in which food is sufficiently--- supplied in one part of the world while people are starving elsewhere.

(b) The environment: Population growth is more or less related to the deterioration of environment quality, such as air and water pollution, depletion of natural resources, disposal of waste materials. It makes the solutions of environment problems more difficult.

(c) Social problems: An increasing population demands for more social services, ranging from education and housing, medical and health, social welfare, to law and order. Besides, the concentration of people in urban areas makes urban planning and administration complex and difficult.

(d) Family health: A family having many children may adversely affect the relation in the family, educational opportunities provided to the children, and also parental care, In turn, these will affect the mental, physical and psychological development of a child. A family of large size usually has unsatisfactory family relationships and even a

deterioration of family life..

1981

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歴史

(十五)

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HISTORY (15)

Philip Y. L. Woo

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

Problems in pre-1914 Russia

1. Autocratic rule and lack of reform The Russia tsars Russia emperors were autocratic, i, e. they ruled with absolute powers. Liberals and progressive forces disliked such a system.

2. Poverty and economic

backwardness - Despite the efforts at economic modernization in the late 19th century, Russia was backward and poor.

3. Military defeat at the hands of the Japanese in 1904-05 - The Russo-Japanese War of 1904- 05 resulted in the defeat of Russia, People became more dissatisfied with Tsarist rule and its incompetence.

4. Introduction of new ideas

New ideas from the West, such as Marxism, spread slowly in Russia. This prepared the way for the 1917

Three main opponents of Tsarist rule

1. Intellectuals and liberals

They welcomed western ideas. But they were idealistic, and did not have solid power. Their influence among the common people was not great

2. Local landowners and gentry

leaders They controlled the vast countryside. Their power was considerable, when compared with that of the intellectuals. But they did not have great ambition (such as to overthrow the government). Besides, they lacked unity.

3. Marxists - They were:

revolutionaries and extremists. At first, they did not have great power. Later, however, they received support from the workers in cities. As it happened, the Marxists were the only successful group to seize power in 1917-18.:

Effect of long autocratic rule Russia was for long ruled under. an autocratic system, Oppositions to the government were destroyed. Peaceful oppositions were thus not possible. As a result, people had to use violent ways, i.e. revolutions. Among the three groups of people described above, only the Marxists were successful, the other two being ineffectual.

Causes of the February Revolution in Russia in 1917 Both underlying and immediate causes accounted for the Russian Revolution in February

March 1917, While the long term causes, such as the weaknesses of the Tsarist government, were important in weakening the regime's ability to solve problems arising during the First World War, it was the short-term causes the events from 1914 to 1917 that directly led to the March Revolution of 1917.

Economically, the country suffered from prolonged

warfare. Normal production was changed to supply war-demands. Industries were militarized, and factories, like the Sormoro, were converted to the production of weapons, just as chemical factories were changed to the production of explosives. Even cotton and wool industries were adapted to the production of military uniforms. Workers were forced to produce arms for the war.

Socially, agricultural production dropped as millions of peasants were recruited as soldiers, And millions of them died in battle, Beginning from 1915, there was a food shortage not only in the cities but in the army as well. Bread riots took place. The ruble, the Russia currency, was rapidly losing its value, causing a rapid rise in the cost of living. Wages of the workers increased, but not fast enough to keep up with the rise in prices. Social miseries created discontent, and helped bring about a revolutionary atmosphere. Furthermore, the war-efforts had worsened the relations between the Tsarist government and members of the national minorities, who did not support the war.

For all these problems, military, economic and social, the Tsar was to blame. He increasingly trusted and came under the control of the evil monk, Rasputin. There was a belief among the liberal politicians and generals that if the Tsar were to be removed, Russia would wage the war more efficiently. This belief was shared by the Western Allies. And so, by February 1917. Nicholas II found himself completely isolated, commanding neither the support of the people nor the confidence of the middle class, nor the loyalty of the generals. In that month, strikes and disturbances caused by workers and students broke out in Petrograd. The Cossack regiments, the Tsar's most trusted royal troops, were ordered out against the strikes, but the troops rebelled and joined the demonstrators instead. Soviets (workers' committees) d ́ ́ ́ seized control of key points of

the city, Soldiers at the war front also revolted. Knowing the hopelessness of the situation,

First, military defeat in the hands of the Germans, such as in the battle of Tannenberg, weakened both the power and prestige of the Tsar at home. The general morals of the whole country for war was on the decline. People could accuse the corrupt government of being insufficiently nationalistic and Insufficiently determined in its conduct of the war-efforts. In the eyes of many Russian Liberals and middle-class

members, the policy of the Tsar was pro-German and

treacherous. These accusations gave the liberals an excuse for setting up different war-industry

councils which opposed the government. It also provided opportunities for political

activity hostile to the Tsarist rule. More directly, the security of the regime was greatly weakened when the Tsar lost many loyal officers and soldiers in the War and was thus forced to guard the capital with undisciplined soldiers. Most disastrously, the Tsar assumed personal command of the armies in the field and moved from the capital to the field headquarters. This had two effects. First, by putting himself in the hands of the military general and depriving his ministers in Petrograd of effective authority, the Tsar had seriously weakened his position, Second, by making himself the head of the military, the Tsar made himself

Nicholas abdicated on March 15, 1917.

1981

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Add. Maths. (15)

C. Y. Shum

MILI, & DALE PRESS LTD, Complex number (II) Worked Examples:

1. Find the cube roots of

unity and represent them in an årgand Diagram, Solution:

The given expression is

1. -1+01

cis(3600") (in polar

form)

(cis(360°)]3

cis

360p

cis(120°) Where B 0, 1, 2

When n=0, 20-ciв0®-1

When n=1,

-cis120° ~~++; *acis

Bi

and

are the

When n-2,

Where

3 required roots.

1200

·240o

Argand Diagram

Find the roots of the

equation iz, +3z-21-0. Solution:

2-час

Using X ***

we have

28

21

-3-15

21

3. If a

2

-3±.32-4(1)(-21)

cost+isine and cose-îsinė

find (1) z+2

(ii) z-Z

(iii) z2.

and by using (2+2)2,

that cos20

and

coa26 1-2sin e respectivel Solution: (1) z+Z (ii) 2-2 (iii) zz -

Now, (z«z)2

21

2cos@ 2isine (cos®+isine) cose-i sinë) cos^U-(isinė)2

On substitution, w Ave.

(2cose)

(cost+isine)2+2(1)+(cos8~

isine)?

(cos28+isin20)+2+(cos26– isin20) by De Mrivre":

theorem

4c0s

cos28

2cos20+2

2cos28-1

(x-2)2 * z2-2zī+22

On substitution, we have

(2isine)2

(cos8+isin9)2-2(1)+(cos8--

isine)

24sin′′e

cos20

Exercise 81

cos20+isin20-2+ cos20-isin20 2cos20-2

1-2sin 0.

1. Find the roots of the

following equations in the form a+ib:-

2

(a) iz +5z<i

2

(b) 2z +3iz+4

In each of the following

cases, find the indicated

roots and represent them

in an argand diagram."

) the fifth roots of unity

the cube roots of -81 the fourth roots of -2-2/31

Given that 2 - coa@+iain®,

cose-isinë, vrite dowia j′′

by expansion, the expressions

(2 + 2) 3

b) (x−2)3

c) (z+z)5

in term of z and 2: Hence

sins that

сове

icos 0-3conê

- 3sinə-4sinʼ0 and

cos50 - Score-20cos38+

16c0828

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