1981-01-10 — Page 20

BAKIYAT PO

報日僑

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD. Solutions to Exercise

6. Communism versus Fascism. Shum

Soviet Russia became a communist country. People in capitalist countries like

Germany and Italy feared

頁四第張五第

日五初月二十年申庚醫 WAH

1981

中學會考試題預習專欄

歷史

(十四)

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HISTORY (14)

Philip Y. L. Woo

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

MAJOR PROBLEMS OF

EUROPE 1919-1939

1. Nationalist feelings.

Before

becoming tense 1919, autocratic empires like Hapsburg Austria and Tsarist Russia ruled.

People fought for independence against them. After 1919, empires like

these fell, and new

that communism would take their countries too. Thus fascist groups were formed, i.e. extreme nationalist + groups aiming at saving their countries from

communist penetration. Society became more. unstable in this way.

....

7. Decline of Europe - Colonies

that European powers established began to fight for independence. The power of Europe as a whole began to decline because of the First. World War. Non-European powers like the USA and Soviet Russia rose in importance, C

HOW THE SECOND WORLD

democratic states came into. WAR BROKE OUT IN 1939

being. The nationalist

feeling of many European

people became more

powerful. People in

different countries loved their fatherland. When war

broke out, they were more willing to fight for their

countries. Before 1914, wars

were fought between

dynasties or empires. After

1914, wars were fought

between peoples. Wars became more bloody.

Economic recovery delayed by reparations - The 1919 Versailles Treaty held that Germany should pay the Allies reparations (i.e. a large sum of money). This delayed the economic recovery of Germany. When economic conditions were bad, trouble became more serious in society.

Unstable small states in East Europe - These states had shallow democratic tradition. They might be easily conquered by aggressors. In the 1930s, Germany was the aggressor. Other powers tolerated Germany at first, But they could not let Germany

conquer all East Europe. In the end they resisted Germany. So war broke out, the Second World War.

Defects of the Versailles Settlement- The settlement was for the First World War. However, as a result of the settlement, there were two kinds of powers;

powers that wanted to change the settlement e.g. Germany, Italy (which claimed that she. was not justly rewarded), Soviet Russia (which was not invited to the 1919 peace conference and thus resented the settlement).

powers that wanted to maintain the settlement

e.g. France (which aimed at preventing the revivial of Germany), Britain (which wanted peace at all cost so that trade would be good) and the USA (which withdrew from European affairs after 1919).

Social discontent and trouble

Because of poor economic conditions, people became discontented. Different social classes ran into

conflict with one another.

Soldiers could not adjust

themselves to peaceful lives.

when the war was over, Violence increased.

1. Germany and Italy (under the

control of the Nazis and the Fascists respectively) committed aggressions against small countries. The other powers (such as France, Britain):

a.

at first appeased the aggressors, i,e, not resisting them, but later made war on them when it became clear that further appeasement was useless.

Aggressions committed by the Germany and Italy included:

a. war against Ethiopia by

Italy in 1934

b. march into the Rhineland

areas by Germany in 1935 support for rebels in Spain by Italy and Germany from 1936-39

d. invasion of Austria

by Germany in 1938 Invasion of Czechslovakia by Germany in 1938 invasion of Poland by Germany in 1939

From 1934 to 1939, other powers did not resist the agressors,

a. Soviet Russia did not

trust France and Britain. Stalin (of Soviet Russia) thought that France and Britain encouraged Germany to conquer East Europe so as to weaken Soviet influence there. Britain was preoccupied with colonial problems. She did not want to act without the support of the USA..

The USA did not want to get involved in European affairs.

powers

France was alone. She was too weak to defend against aggressions, especially when the aggressions were not against herself. Italy and Germany knew that the other dared not risk another world war to resist their aggressions. The memory of the destructiveness of the First World War was too deep. People wanted to prevent war at all cost. In 1939, when Germany invaded Poland, the western powers knew that they must resist the

aggressors. They made

war on them.

5441 5441 5+41

1 (8) 541-5-41 5+41.

25+401-16 9+401

25

cost-ising

六期星

4y-1

日十月一年一八九一曆公年十七國民華中 育教僑華

→

2Nx2+(y-1)2

Squaring both sides again

(4y-1)2 = 4[x2+(y-1)2)

2

16y-8y+1 4x+4y-8ÿ+4

12y-4x

22

the locus of z is a

41

Ans.

is 12y24x2

cose+isino

(cose-isînd cost+isine)

cost+isinë

cos 04gin cos0+isinë.

(c) 1+cose-isinė

(1+cos¤)+isine

Ans

hyperbola whose equation

=x+ly and Z = x-iy

(x+iy)(x-iy)

2 2

(2+2) 2

{x+iy] 2

1212

+sine

1+cos9+isine

(1+cost) +ai

14c00+išine.

−(1+cose)—isine(1+cosë

2+2c080

1+(2cos2-1)+isiu2geos

2+2(2cos^5-1)

2cos(costising)

4cos2

(1+iton)

2. (a) Let

1.(cos120°,isin120° cis120 and 1.(cos240 +isin240o)

173

2

cis 2409

cis120

ci s2400

cis(120-240°

cis(-120°)

1.cos(~120°)+isin(-120°)

121 = 1 and

arg z - -1209

(b) Lev i = (1+1)(2+i)

z

Ans.

(1+1)(2+1)(3+1) (3-1) ((+1) (1+31)(341)

9+1

3+101-3:

1.0

I

(cos90

fzł

arg z

1 and 900

(c) Let z

isin90°)

Ans.

cose+isine

cos?—ising

cosu4i sine) (cost+ising

Þ¬ísin?)(cos¢+ísin?)

sin(0+7)

cos 7+sin ❤ cos(0+9)+isin(0+7)

Iz

1 and arg z = 0.0.

z = x+iy

Ans

}z−1} + \z+11° |x+iy−11 +1x+iy+1] = {(x−1)+iy| + | (x+1)+iy|

•‚ \√(x-1)2 + y2+

+ y2 = 4−√(x+1) Squaring both sides, (x-1)2+y2 = 164(x+1)

_8√(x+1)2 + y2

16+x

2+2%+1

~8.√(x+1)2+y2 2√(x+1)2+y2

4[(x+1)2+y2]

Squaring both sides ag

(x+4).

2

+8x+16 4x +8x+4+4y.

12

2

the locus of z is an ellipse whose equation is

3x2 +4y2 =

(b) Put z = x+iy

Aus

|Z+1} -|z−i| = −1 }x+(y+1)i| − }x+(y−1)i| 2 √(x-2)2 + y2 — √ √ x2+(y-1)? *x2+(y+1)2 = −1+√x2+(y~1) Squaring both sides,

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x2+(y+1)2

(十四

Add. Mathis. (14)

1+x2+(y-1)2

- 2 √ x2 + (y-1) 2

+y2y+1

-2,2+(y-1)2

Апа.

Ans

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-陳勵德

Economics (14),

K. K. Wong & L. T. Chan, MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

Q1. Discuss the advantages

and disadvantages of monopoly.

Advantages

In some causes.

production or distribution can be executed more efficiently through monopoly. Excessive competition, which is often wasteful to the economy, can be avoided. By rationalising an industry, it makes possible the elimination of excess capacity by closing down production centres where. costs are high, and concentrating on production in those areas where, costs are lower. Hence instead of all factories working below capacity, a smaller number will then be able to work at full capacity... This increases production efficiency and minimizes wastage of resources.

~ Under monopoly it becomes possible to reduce the number of varieties of products, whereas under competitive conditions each firm tries its best to offer as many models as possible. Standardization of the products enable a lower cost of production and economies of scale can be achieved. There are certain industries such as public utilities which cannot afford unnecessary. competition or duplication, Monopoly is the best alternative in such industries,

It is often easier for the government to exercise more control over the industry when there is only one producer. Sometimes, a monopolist engaged in large-scale production may have the time and research facilities to improve his products.

B. Disadvantages

Even though the main purpose of monopoly is to obtain economies of

large-scale production, it will be dangerous if the monopolist misuses his monopoly power by exploiting the consumers. It is true that prices are often higher and output lower than they would be under perfect competition. Another disadvantage

of monopoly is that consumers lose some of their freedom of choice, and the assortment of goods produced is not that desired by them. By limiting output, the

monopolist prevents as

large an amount of

resources ¿oing into the.

production of his...

commodity, and so resources. are put into other forms of: production which consumers consider to be less desirable.

When a number of firms are competing against one another in supplying the market with a particular. product, each firm has a strong desire to make itself more efficient. However, under monopoly this incentive is less and there

may be reluctance to

abandon the older methods

when new inventions are costly..

Q.2 Describe the functions of

wholesalers in the flows

of goods from producers to consumers.

Functions of wholesalers:

(a) Providing expert

knowledge in buying:

and selling — The employment of specialists is essential when expert knowledge of the commodities bought and sold is required. A wholesaler can often serve this purpose.

(5) Marketing the product

Wholesalers can

often help the producers by passing them information regarding. consumers' demand which he obtained from the retailers with whom he keeps in touch.

(c) Financing production and distribution- Generally speaking, manufacturers wish to be paid for their products as early as possible, while many retailers do not have enough capital to carry stocks of unsold goods. A wholesaler often helps to finance both of the parties by prompt payment to the manufacturers and by allowing credit to the retailers..

(d) Freparing the product

for sale After receiving the goods. from the manufacturer the wholesaler often processes or prepares the goods for sale before passing them on to the retailer, This may involve packing, grading or branding.

(e) Warehousing

A wholesaler can relieve the manufacturer of the trouble and expenses of holding large stocks by utilizing his.

warehousing facilities. Also, by supplying a regular amount of

products into the

market, the wholesaler

fluctuating unduly. Wholesalers serve as a bridge between the manufacturer and the retailer. The manufacturer generally does not wish to take up the distribution of his products and so he prefers to dispo

t to prevent prices

themi

in large quantities, However, most retailers only afford to buy in small quantities. Thus the wholesaler forms. a link between them and in this way nelps to satisfy the needs of both.

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