1980-12-16 — Page 23

頁二第張六第二日十初月一十年申庚靨夏

1981

中學會考試題預習專欄

(+)

歷史

明德出版社胡應亮提供資料

HISTORY:(10)

Philip Y. L. Woo

(Mill & Dale Press Ltd.)

We discussed the origins of the

First World War in the past few. issues. This time. we will take a look at the ways to write a history essay in practice.This: is a question that appeared in the 1976 Examination:

"How did the Sarajevo assassination lead to the outbreak of the First World. War? What responsibilities did Austria have in bringing about the war?"

When given such a question, is important to jot down important points so that when you write the essay, you can from time to time refer to the points。This is to ensure systematic presentation and argumentation. An example is:

1. June

- assassination at

believed Serbia

supported it. Germany supported. Austria in teaching Serbia a lesson.

Russia friendly with Serbia, ordered general mobilization of armed forces (preparations for war).

Germany feared the advantage enjoyed by :Russia in faster

mobilization, decided to make war on both Russia and France (as France was was. Russia's ally).

6. German

troops marched

WAH KIU YAT, PO

through Beligum, But to Britain, Belgian.

neutrality most important.

So Britain entered war against Germany.

Austria's responsibilities

eagerness to recover

declining reputation in

Europe by making war on Serbia; harsh terms to Serbia and ultimatum to her, etc.

Other powers also re responsible in some ways, Not Austria alone. Conclusion - First World' War due to both underlying. causes and immediate causes (e.g. Austria's responsibilities),

Of course you should not write out the points so clearly. Sometimes one or two words

of what you will do to remind you you have learnt. The purpose of the points is to make sure that..

you won't write irrelevant things unknowingly when writing the essay..

to

Now you can proceed from point 1. Remember that you are required to write an essay, not agroup of points. So you have |explain, expand or re-phrase- the points in paragraphs. Add extra things if you think they are relevant to the question, But. time yourself. If time doesn't permit, you have to drop extra things (even if they are relevant).

There often is a gap between what you understand and what you can express. in paragraph- writing. You must has

have the experience of knowing something but the difficulty of finding suitable words/phrases/

sentences to say it. The only ething you can do to solve this

problem is to

read

more histo

報日僑

二期星

essays. Because history concerns itself with causes,

effects and so'on, the structure of language is often the same for different students. If you are familiar with the structure (not reciting it by heart), then: you have more time to think:: carefully and write according to your judgement(whether "something is relevant or not, or

digging out from your memory things that are relevant) Be in: full control of your writing. Don't write whatever/

things that happen to come across your. mind. How many times have:: your teachers told you to write relevant things onl

The following is a model essay. You will see how paragraph: writing can be applied.

"The assassination of Archduke: Ferdinand took place in June, 1914. The place was Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia, Serbia had wanted to anite with Bosnia.. Austria therefore believed that it was Serbia which supported the assassins. Because Ferdinand was the most important man in Austria other than the Emperor himself. a crisis followed. This in the led up to the outbreak of the First World War.

In early July, Kaiser William II of Germany promised support for Austria. After all, Germany. and Austria were allies, However, the support for. Austria had the effect of.. encouraging a more aggressive Austrian policy toward Serbia. Finally, Austria sent an

ultimatum to the Serbian government. The ultimatum was deliberately harsh. Upon

refusal of Serbia to accept all

日六十月二十年〇八九一曆年九十六國民華中

tip terms, Austria declared war. The assassination began to spread its harmful effects.

In late July, Tsar Nicholas TI ordered a general mobilization 'of armed forces against Austria, The reason was that Russia had been friendly with Serbia, which was one of the ways to fish in troubled waters in the Balkans. Now that Serbia was bullied by Austria, Russia felt that something must be done to: counter the Austrian mcve.

The local crisis at Sarajeve be began to involve another great power other than Austria.

刊週術美育教

was the last de fence to the.

British homeland). This dre Britain into war too.

Looking back at the events in the summer of 1914, one could cänclude that the responsibilities of Austria for the war laid in her over- eagerness to recover dynastic

reputation even to the extent of risking war. The Sarajevo

·assassination would have been peacefully settled if not for the single-minded intention of Austria to crush Serbia. The harsh terms of the ultimatum "sent to Serbia was the best proof. Thereafter, it was impossible to settle the dispute. without involving other powers, such as Germany and Russia.

Of course Austria should not be alone responsible for the First World War. The events in the: summer of 1914 were not all

made by Austria, For example, the support for Austria came: from Germany, and Germany should in this way be⠀⠀ responsible for encouraging a more aggressive Austrian.. policy. Russia was the first great power to. armed forces, preparation.

Then quickly Germany was drawn into the enlarging dispute. The German generals had before 1914. worked out detailed war plans against the Triple Entente: powers, mainly France and Russia. Because Germany was the middle (Russia on the cast an and France on the west); it was: believed that Germany could win |any war against them only by

quick mobilization. Now. Russia had mobilized first, so the German generals feared that the advantage of war | would be dost, after some 【discussion, the Kaiser decided

on a war against both France and Russia.

Germany intended to destroy France in six weeks and then: deal with Russia on the east. To do so, German troops must march into France quickly. But because the border between. France and Germany was well guarded, Germany sent her troops by way of Belgium, To Britain, Belgian neutrality was very important, for reasons of national security (as Belgium

jes::mobilize her'

and as we can see, this step led Germany to decide on an all-out war against both France and Russia, All the great powers were responsible for the outhreak of: the war, though in different degrees. And there were underlying, long-term causes too. without these long-term causes, the great powers would not have acted as they did in the summer of 1914.

In short, the First World War cannot be explained by the aggressive policy of Austria alone. Both underlying and immediate causes explained it.

關長的戲曲人物畫欣賞 (下)

黃可寄自上海

補紅虫,張伯駒題「風雨鳴秋」。 「風雨鴉秋」此幅作品是淫案素芭蕉王雲濤嘉虫,李苦禪楠竹,李燕

槍賽史上,豈代畫家台經作過許多做出人物畫,出。一本刊有九十餘首詩的「老舍詩集」及「老

·描繪戲曲人物,是中國繪裔的傳統。在中國」」,已定於十二日至十四日假尖沙肌屁晶酒店 ,举代表團來港举行此畫驶的中國學名版畫

以及他對戲曲的熱誠和深入理解而形成。

勝的度版天地。。。 的要宮內容。而中國來的優良傳統,也很盡求高

取中國戲曲和中國整兩方面藝術表現上的長處 關良的戲曲人物畫,掣純和高度瓶,是吸 爭的玆器,采取了高度概括和做挺手法,逛亞塔降」。據關良先生說,這是在「追浪藝術的靈魂

讓者會履到關良先生的幾百幅黑曲人物攤,此強烈。 而神氣活現,

盡管題材、主題、人物不同,然而有一個共同點 小國戲曲,對于人物造型以及動作處理都 奇以省去的佈景、道具,而主要借助演戲的動作,似與不似之間」。在兒童隱中出現的人物,常常

*、換發描寫,「傳神」物茶出了該毒的內容 柑、熨步、老榥、掏钱、水独等誇譪生動的番路 、桌子之類的道具,別無他物,這不到有什麼背一度、性格雠明的臉譜造型;戲曲中不同人物的症 「說」出了該說的恩想。同時給人擦供了慰橋,但動作,都是引人入勝的。關長的戲曲人物狂,也 一 都很簡爛,基本上只铳人物和必不可少的椅子很生跨張的,例如,戲曲中不同人物的誇張有 正是從中國戲曲中吸取善于在誇張中求生業的藝 四國家的一種自戴。 一塵槍區給,表現出「嘉外有畫」的內容。闢一間玩具、民間剪紙,民間友多,民間五如量和導,釉色过了中國傳聲中指神散出人物的傳統,并有,其中八十餘個是胡郭青所作。是次吸出的三十 「形象誇張又不一樣。他复的做曲人物更只有幽默一戲曲人物迹;明代度家流老運作過「西廂記」、 角度就括:「惜墨贴金,意在散」i用不多的葉間」。這種「側有人物裝而已。古往今來,專事戰曲人物發創作 賣,另一些較珍貴的和故宮藏畫則爲非品,全 、神態的表演來绣到「傳神」,表現出引人瓶裡,忘記畫耳朶、鼻子,我體性滋潤,茲茲形,一;近代畫家任九年也漠為「大劈館」等戲曲入物,人畫展,國內許多名書畫家都侯恩基心地就此作 中國戲曲,有一個優良傳統,就是舞台故事,感,泮滿後猶如兒童畫一般的稚拙、天真的情趣「水浒」、「驚驚塚」等戲曲人物事,游代畫家家賴少其指出這是中國女畫家首次在海外行獨 【你我是我,曲中的一例如,未代畫家一佚名作過雜觑「眼藥袍」的舍夫人幫靑女士彩色畫册」亦將同時出版。 的,鵰算關展先生了。認良的戲曲人物書,惟係一部雲書共二百餘倍,已投網保險一千五百萬港元 對,等等。但是,須要畫家,大都只是間或作品來變出,其中部份是爲本港社會福利 養 沈蓉圃畫過「十三絕」、「探親」等戲曲人物查,人獲悉,爲祀念老齊和支持胡無實女士在港的试 ,獨樹一帶子餐阁,超貼畫 八位現代名家作品,其中並有中國名囓法案炫

國,馅足外

刻等民間美徑中都具有。長時間來,關是一流落一所刻對,而內射裂然,

也正是五十多年來,關良不髑觀賞和研究中國各種取民服美術的鬆移,加以創造,溶化到自己作品 戲曲,許多戲曲演員;與蓋叫天等交知心朋中的必然結果。至于關心戲曲人物畫中色彩明朗 友,李梨演戲,對戲曲※讽熟悉到這樣一種程度、典雅、對比强烈的特點,則可以說是直接受中 盤的藝侧特独去拙繪中國傳統的戲曲。同時,問、有趣的特色,正是奶接受兒童來的啓發,又吸

一顶山西中色彩著跳的酸槽和视线,以及色她,在大会堂低座通究良舉行。李苦祁乃齊白石娩傳、高「娃璧十退出山泉」。熱指有死史秬念價值的 石南莊. 李苦师、李慈父子好難经由九日至十一日已一舍有關的,那是老舍出題,齊白石寰的一幅山水 【出更多材料:找出真相。她又要示,自己也是一 老夫人胡女士,

一個;他希望烤店林江集團的受審,而能揭發

·及其老師齊白石合作、並有老舍題宇的作品,足 舍及其他文豪人士受迫害,老舍的死亡至命仍是 國養在國內早已被印成郵發行。 老舍夫人胡絮青女士憶述說“文革期間,老

宁,而在中國近代名家書畫展中亦有一幅是與老

在胡勿青做戲中比轂特別的是一幅由胡女士

國古代神對人物,又喜驚驚動物,他的「石

窗:龙壓正中民應度的

中國工民,自然及多層出現上|愛兒童畫,也始終在研究找國回族的首攝民做爱

豬十衐播工

本月三個畫展

·强烈戲曲人物畫的另一

拙另。煙于

許術,裙踐

面 對館 質 蛋戲 金色對

比出秘中曲的彩比

的笹有强査、顯人

質 烈推示物肠

辣、父碍的風一

長典 米紅 乾格官

的雅永袍筆特辣屉,

只氣的民在的讚

人物 的民盟军委的德啊。乖者最近對到關作的取材一些豆子上,按中一

冰道作袯!

不稿和白貓作总

【老在

文的理解,也就能得心應手地以高度嘅括的藝術總倏中,繪出微官身穿工地,安女身穿黑褂、生物、受者,對此次的窑十惡之岛感到欣

胡 此買受

許百姓點燈』的主題。

·大吉田

*李苦禪近照

李苦禅作 二、生動,風格置黃、糖拙,台多唱團、艾雅、那術無米中展現產核朱亲長的「只許州官放火,不,文庵、外賓服務部貸資人楊嘉亦一行三人日前数 一經費,主辦「營舍夫人胡洿及近代名家好杳戏 李苦禪之子李燕近照

畫展活動。賽後定十一日正式展出,為期十天。 港,他們是來港參加故宮與中華書局分緊桀的

·九頭獅子會爲推動文化欣賞及舞开社會服務

李苦禪作

小販扮「紋次郎」

不久集合, 往上開。 後日本人才是漂亮,甚麼話?.

·誰也不會把前句転裕眞,但後一句話可使我不感,捏出了問

就有四團,也都在座,要一一輪。 日光最精彩

側一位白衣武士的,雄糾糾的武士把她頜到家赛,那儀女的脫了衣服露出 追個牛郎是武士,領殓衆人會打會殺。到後來又仿佛是一個淑女仰慕和 乳房來,下半身也看隱若現地......而那個盤科科的白武士也開始脫衣, 不知怎蒸盤的,原來是個女人,於是兩個半樣的女人抱在一起,節到此 :「錦綉之賬似」的關部分有我國的牛奶織女在天上用;不過 旅行袋裝得戰獸的,還有人一樣東西也不致,情願把空顿送給我,也菠淸 間、雕刻家、工匠參予工程、 既別緻又不太貴,忍不宇一樣一樣地越買越多,不做把旅行社裔給我們的,在会日本也屬最宏大;據說當初欲迫之時,集四百五十四萬人之多的寶 物。這次來日本,原來我只打算稍爲買幾件紀念品就恩意思,但見日本實,徽川幕府的功業。在莖築學上,也成爲江戶時期的風格代表作;而其規模 心到蟻吐照。嚮導遊..可以走了麼?不行,因爲很多旅行團(光香港去的·更低人神往。日光有兩個主要的神社:「嘆照宮」和「二荒山,還有一座 翌日一早出發去日光縣。但至有八位團友放棄遊竂,寧願留在東京購,並且由第三任將軍德川家光加以擴建。「東照宮神社」代表了約三百年的 也完了。幸而我們的位置最低消費所以很遠,若足近了,說不定會憑天的風性有些失望,就此鐡過了整軸好戲。這裏既有古代遠話,天然美景 廟宇「輪子寺」。旅行尉只給我們安排參觀「 ,它的建築工程大部份是在江戶時期(一六〇三——七六完成的, ,海拔六百公尺。選個神社,俄本做幕府创始人「德川家康」神產的空難 日光貼日本擬出門旅遊中心,那八位關友不來,分明是因爲對前幾 「東照宮」,它位于山區高地

了,再也没有空萬了,所以絕不致慰留在東獄購物,那日光。

德川家康不足良奈,何許人也?導遊說他本是柔兵,那時恰逢亂性時

【三百五十年前各地那段路程。沿途被湖了杉本··代武士、劔客用- 爲了防身保家,百姓也有學武藝的,磁川家康的武

一歷史,非健壯曉。混入日光市區,原一

機蜜,使得彤年十月底到十一月初滿 來是假山瓜小縣城,安靜、澳梁,多

旅日管窺

「歡裲得於髙隔,又有領袖才能,便出

與中國大廟宇比擬了。 也是用鐵成;佔地暖大的庭院內外古木洒灭、林蔭成道,过一切塔 寺內遊客探套極了,到處騫保膠、金證不在話下,連那牌坊大柱

的人也許能跳出一篇租盤虎踞的大道理來。. 壯毆的華嚴瀑布,再向上一千一百公尺則是「男體山」的山案。憶得風水

·雍然不同凡阿,不僅有海梭一千二百

·與帝無異了。那「東照宮」也

金東万: 來打天下,最後成爲一部之主,也便

日的把這個綠色的季節點後一下,遠遠有未到番有趣。 整容是的,並且自動將供插降底了五百日元。合港幣也將近二百亮了

,故而國際性滑冰比賽有時也會在這機的小地方舉行,成爲年輕人的世界 大聲叫了好一會兒才出來一個中年人,朋:這些木雕都是你閣下做的腿,兒了ATION

一條,每家門前的版樹上都掛一串紅光色的紙奧集,是居民們凑了减奇的, 披上白裝,湖面結冰 - 还没布也能結成冰柱,蔚爲奇顧,交由於冰凍 常貴,但我喜歡,也沒瓣出,接齋進了另一家商店,只一個老婦守店, 一個彫有變馬的木刻伊秀,標爛八千五百日无,可店裏人形也没有一個, 一籃子沒人要的俄棄之類染行邊警,遇到好奇的遊客駐足而觀時,就來勁 的商店,見陳列在架子上以及辨在壁上的木彫造型新銜別且匠心,君中了 燦,他頦安,身穿黑色緊身衣,咀長照標脚根草,飛再做劍,手裏是 飯後大家在街上班,日光以木影見稱,我破進一家叫作「日光光彫」有六十多歲了,導遊說他不痴也不傷人,只愛全身作戒者郞打扮向遊客 。但說時才九月,既無秋天的免強,也無冬季的课白,冷蛟。街道只得 山群訌 可惜我們來做不及時候追鯤區佈滿了如火髅般的深紅 多公尺的中褫寺湖,湖水突破熔岩峭壁填料而下成爲九十七公尺的日本最 細金黃,又因風吹,遍地也是燦爛。到了秋去冬來,就下近了,漫山遍野

在院外一條石子經上我們遇見了外號叫作「次」的小販,有梅子

緊有一相

濟備好的产段獲戴之中取出一段,右手製也出鞘,洿好馬步操開架勢,徒 我們一覓到就將他圍住,朱然,無險帶笑容,放下籃子,左手從事

對彤能多 我身上倒底有甚麽?導莚朝道 我麼東西,拼命探治、她依然如故,使我爲發追,剛好導遊來了,經棄 劈成兩段·一副美堆氣概的機子。我們報以熱烈的掌聲,他随即旅成中 銛我我能&轉一圈关遊說了很多器,使我以爲自己的上或背變、上有然他左手一揮,那移到在空中和-蒸到一定距離,他一揮與便將實 烤出得意的神情向大家鞠躬,然后快活地抬起璧于雌續幹他的麼華C]