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各業工友聞報失驚
|九巴申請加價一倍
工總擬召集所屬工會代表開會 彙集各單位意見將向當局條陳
工人世界
二期星
日五廿月一十年〇八九一公年九十六國民華中育教人工
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“月薪一千五出五十元。
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青山社會服務處 198
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1981
中學會考試題預習專欄
英
文
«ΑΥ
立基出版社到浩源提供資
ENGLISH [8]
Stephen Lau (Foundation Press)
Dear Students.
The third question in Paper II is con- cerned with transformation of sentences. You-
are required to rewrite eight sentences.
This question will be systematically dealt with from today onwards in three consecutive weeks
Today I'm giving you hints and types-of sentence transformation. Next week I'll be giving you an exercise so that you can have an opportunity to practise tackling this type of questions. And the answers, with explanatory notes, to these questions will appear in the following week..
It would be quite troublesome to include the directions in brackets for each example: As a result, I have adopted an alternative con- vention: The following will help explain this.
Maria speaks confidently.
(Bring in "confidence"}
Maria speaks with confidence Instead of using the method of display above, I've used italics to show the key words and added in arrows to represent changes:
Maria speaks confidently. [adv.). → Marla speaks with confidence [n.}.
Sentence transformation as set in the Certificate Examinations is quite beyond the scope of any classification or compilation. I have endeavoured, however, to provide you with a list of the different ways of transform. ing, or rewriting, sentences. The classification, I should say, does not pretend to be exhaustive or exactly clearcut because there are doubtless- ly inany unusual ways of rewriting a particular sentence governed by the specific structure or meaning of the sentence, and overlap is some what inevitable. Bearing these limitations in mind, let's proceed to the list. (Incidentally, some novel ways of rewriting sentences are. provided in next week's exercise.)
Different ways of expressing a concession (Concessive clauses);
The following examples are grouped in such a way that sentences within a group are very near in meaning.
(a) (i)
Although/Though he is wealthy. he is not happy.
(1) Even though he is wealthy, he
is not happy,
(ii) He is not happy norwithstanding
Iconj.] he is wealthy.
Notwithstanding [prep.)
Iris
wealth, he is not happy.
(iv) He is wealthy; nevertheless/none
(v)
the less he is not happy.
He is wealthy, indeed, but he is no1 happy...
(vi) For With all his wealth, he is not
happy.
(vil) Much as he is wealthy, he is not
happy.
(viii) Wealthy as he is, he is not happy. (ix). He is wealthy, all the same he is
(x)
not happy.
Admitting that he is wealthy, he is not happy.
(xi). Whereas he is wealthy, he is not
happy
The following four sentences have slightly different meaning to that of the sentences above:
(xii) No matter how wealthy he may
be, he is not happy.
(xiii) However wealthy he may be, he
is not happy.
(xiv) Whatever wealth be may have,
he is not happy.
(xv). It doesn't matter how wealthy he inay be, he is not happy.
2.
(b) (1) ___// he agreed to the proposal, he did so unwillingly. (If here re- places Although)
(ti)
He agreed to the proposal, but he did so unwillingly, though, (C) Although he agreed to the proposal, he did so unwillingly.) (Though can be placed at the end of the sentence, and ir means nearly nevertheless or dll. the same.)
(iii) | He might agree to the proposal,
but he did so unwillingly.
(Here attention is directed main-
ly to the first half of the sen tence, i.e. the concession.)
Other examples are similar to those in (a).
Different ways of expressing a' condition (Conditional clauses):
Note that there are three kinds of conditional sentences (q. v. ENGLISH [6]). :: Conditional clauses, and hence sen- tences, may be introduced by if (even if if only), but for, sofas long as, supposej supposing (that), provided that), on condition (that), and unless (= if... not), The following examples serve to illustrate the use and the interrelationship of these. (0) (0) 7 you hadn't been considerate, she would have been bored to, death,
(ii) But for your considerateness, she
would have been bored to death. (fil) Unless you had been considerate, she would have been bored to death.
(b)() You can become a member pro-
vided you are a student.
If you are a student, you can become a member.
(Note that when provided is used. there is a stronger idea of restriction; so it is not used in (a) if one wants to keep the meaning of the sentences as. close as possible.)
(ii) So long as you are a student, you
can become a member..
(iv) You can become a member on
condition: (that) you are a stu- dent.
Inversions can also be used (9.9. 11).
Substituting one part of speech for an- other: (a) Using a roun
e.g. (i) His clownish behaviour failed
to amuse [v.] me.
His clownish behaviour failed to give me amusement [6]. Note: Here is an example of the
necessity of adding a new verb when the noun in- stead of the verb is used. (ii) Our army fought, [v] brave-
ly.
Our army put up a brave fight [n]:
Note: The adverb bravely is.
changed to the adjective brave
(iii) Maria speaks confidently
[adv.] →
Maria speaks with confidence [n]\\
Note: It is often helpful to sub- stitute an adverbial phrase for an adverb, eg. casily with ease. (b) Using a verb
e.g. (1) We take a bath [n] every
day. We bathe [v.] every day. (1) Smoking is injurious [adj.).
to health. →
Smoking injures. [v.} health. (iii) She did it unintentionally
[adv.]. →
She did not intend [v.] to do
(c). Using an adjective
e.g. (i)* The scheme cannot be pur
into practice [n]. →
The scheme is not practicable [ad]:1.
(ii) I doubt [v.] your honesty.
I am doubtful [adj.] of your
honesty
Note: It is often helpful to use.
the adjective predicatively, eg, will succeed = will be successful.
(ii) Thomas was obviously [ady.]
sincere.
Thomas sincerity was ob vious (adj.). ∙Cf. (a) (ii).
Converting direct into indirect/reported speech:
Several changes are made:
First and second person pronouns are changed to third person.
eg. "I'll take good care of myself""
he said.
He said that he'd take good care of himself.
(b) A change. from this these to that
those, from here to there, and from now to then
e.g. "I shall do it now," she explained. She explained that she would
do it then.
A change of tense (back-shift). When the reporting verb is in the past tense, verbs in the reported speech are changed as follows:
DIRECT
present
past
present perfect past perfect
REPORTED past
Past perfect.
However, if the reporting verb is in the present tense, there is no tense change.. Compara
"Ian hungry," he complained
He complained that he was hungry, and
"I am hungry he keeps com- plaining
He keeps complaining that he is hungry
Exceptions to the rule of back-shift occur where the truth of the statement reported is universal.
(d) Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time.
are changed as follows:
DIRECT today
Tomorrow
the day after
tomorrow yesterday
the day before:
yesterday next week,
month, etc.
last week,
month, etc.
a year ago
REPORTED that day/the same day the next/
following day in two days'
time.
the day before
the previous day
two days.
before
the following
week, month, etc.
the previous
week, month, etc.
a year before/ the previous year
Questions in reported speech and in- direct commands will be discussed specific- ally in the explanatory notes to next week's exercise.
Replacing active by passive voice:
It should not pose too serious a prob- lem to fifth-formers by now. However, sentences of the type People think that. she is/was may prove to be somewhat troublesome, because they have two pas- sive forms:
(a) It is thought that she is/was.... (b) She is thought to be/have been.. (Among verbs which can replace think in this pattern are: consider, believe, under stand, know, find, claim, report, say, acknowledge.)
6. Interchanging affirmative and negative sen-
tences:
(a) By using or removing too
eg (1) The man is too old to take up.
that jobban
The man is so old that he cannot take up that job.
(i) He is so credulous that he can
be easily deceived..
He is too credulous not to be deceived.
Note the pattern of the second sentence.
(b) By changing only to none but.
eg. Only a saint could have done that. None but a saint could have done that
By using double negatives cg. (1) Fadmit that he is right.
I do not deny that he is right. I do not admit that he is wrong.) She checked every; detall of
She left no detail of it unchecked:
There is a slightly change in meaning when double negatives are used those students who are good at logic will undoubtedly notice this point..
(d) By Interchanging the degrees of com-
parison
eg.) He is the tallest boy in the
class.
No other boy in the class is so tall as he
(1) This book is more expensive
than the red one.
The red book is not so expensive as this one.
than
(e) By substituting no sooner...
for as soon as PDA eg. As soon as the teacher entered the classroom, the students stop- ped talking,"
No sooner did the teacher enter the classroom than the students stopped talking.
7. Changing simple sentences for complex
sentences
8.
I know that most of you are not familiar with grammatical terms, so I just give you a number of examples without naming the process undertaken.
(i) He ploaded ignorance of the law,
He pleaded that he was ignorant of the law.
(ii) She was overjoyed on seeing her hus- band coming home with a birthday present.
She was overjoyed when she saw her husband coming home with a birthday present.
(ii) Bring under 15, he can take part in the
race...
As he is under 15, he can take part in the race.
(iv) The seminar was badly attended, to the utter disappointment of all, the organizers.
The seminar was so badly attend- ed that all the organizers were utterly disappointed.
The boy in a blue tracksuit is the house captain.
The boy who is wearing a blue. tracksuit is the house captain.
Note: Adverbial clauses (constituents of complex sentences) are usually introduced by (subordinating) con. junctions: when, as, as soon as, whenever, while, after, before. since; that, so that, lest; if, whether, provided, unless; although, even if though, as as, than; as if-
Changing simple sentences for compound sentences:
Again let's have some examples.
(1) To add to his fortunes, he won the
first prize in the lottery.
He won the first prize in the
lottery and this added to his fortunes.
() Notwithstanding his illness, he sat for
the examination.
He was ill per he sat för the examination..
(lii) This book is not only beautifully? printed but it is also nicely bound, Besides being beautifully printed, this book is nicely bound.
(iv) Today is Sunday, therefore we go to
the New Territories.
Today being Sunday, we go to the. New Territories.
The first two examples show the change from simple to complex sentences while the last two show the reverse change. Notice that addition or removal of con- junctions is involved in this type of trans- formation.
Changing complex sentences for compound sentences:
Again, in this type of rewriting, con Junctions are added or removed, as the change may be. The following examples may well illustrate this point,
(1)He was so excited that he punched
the door madly!
He was very excited, therefore. he punched the door madly. (ii) If you do not make up your mind Immediately, you will be sorry for that.
Make up your mind immediately; or you will be sorry for that. (ii) She has lost all her teeth, consequently
she cannot eat solid food..
She cannot eat solid food because she has lost all her teeth..
(iv) She was embarrassed and her face
showed this..
Her face showed that site was embarrassed.
10. Combining two or more sentences:
Being words or expressions that join together words or word groups, conjunc tions are very important in combining sentences. However, there are many other ways of combining sentences besides the use of conjunctions: using a particle, using a prepositional phrase are examples. e.g. Frank sent me a letter. It never reach- ed me. It had been addressed wrongly. (Combine and begin with the given words.)
Having been addressed wrongly, Frank's letter never reached me, Most of the examples in 7, 8 and 9 consist of sentences which can be split into two or more shorter sentences, and I won't repeat them here.
11. Inversion
Inversion of the subject and the finite verb bccurs when certain adverbs, and adverb phrases are for emphasis placed first in a sentence. The more important of these are: ever, hardly, hardly when, in no circumstances, neither; never, nor no sooner than, not only f... but also), on no account, only by, only in this. way, only then, only when, rarely, scarce. ly, scarcely ........ when, seldom, #0. eg. Rarely Seldom has he heard such beautiful singing He has rarely/ seldom heard such beautiful singing.
Other exampes ațe similar: Conditional sentences are sometimes, for reasons of emphasis, Inverted:
e.g. If he had invited her, she would have gone there, Had he invited her, she would have gone there.
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