1980-10-19 — Page 14

WAH KIU YAT PO

頁二第張四第 日一十月九年申庚歷夏

1981

cannot say that cannot say that a

failure is

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歷史

(-)

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HISTORY (2)

Philip Y. 1. Woo

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD,

The other day, I consulted a

dactor. I think he is a rather

successful one. Otherwise T.

would not consult him. He asked what I studied in university. I said history, and he remarked in rather humourous a way. Well, I'm not interested in history myself. You sec, I'm interested in things and problems of the future. We all should look forward to the future."

He is a typical example of the general feeling that most. people share in modern society Last time we talked about how young people nowadays have a nostalgia (4) for old things like oldfashioneil eye-glasses. We talked about how people like watching bistory films, look at the world round them, and then say like an old man, The world has changed." This concern for history is only limited to the common people, not successful people like the doctor I consulted. Successful people always think that their success (in most cases in making money) is all because of their own efforts. They are progressive, hard-working, insightful and look clearly: and unmistakenly into the future ---- that's why they succeed. Or they think they have these good qualities. That's why they succeed, or they think they succeed. So never mind what happened in the past. Never mind history.

“But tómmon people are” different. They are never noticed among the masses. They are just small parts of a large group. The group has become a living thing itself. It will continue to be large without them. So common people find some form of satisfaction by saying "

because saying such a thing does not affect their daily life at all Just like saying "The world has changed" does not change. the world or other things.

But succes people do not

need such a kind of

satisfaction. They have made, or are making, a lot of money. Instead of saying "*"*", they say "I am success itself," So they are never interested in history.

But as far as I can learn from history, I know that success is a combination of both one's good qualities and the surroundings in which one finds himself. The good qualities perhaps you can cultivate. But the impersonal forces around you, you can seldom change yourself. Of course, one has to be hard-working, or experienced, or whatever in order to be successful. But there are so many good qualities described by thinkers past and present, and one can well choose one or two from them to fit into one's successful history of

career.

And the environment; that is. our surroundings, impose conditions which limit the effectiveness of an individual's work. People are fond of blaming or praising a man for his work as if he alone could but did not create the world. On the other hand, losers and unsuccessful people always place the blame on the conditions around them for their failure. Both are equally mistaken, And because human affairs cannot be calculated in percentage,

and 46.5% because of

efforts:

impersonal conditions. We cannot say, "Tom failed in this examination 25% because of his laziness and 75%.

because of the difficult

questions." After all, perhaps.

it's only because of Tom's. laziness that he found those

questions difficult, when most of his fellow school-mates found then ̈

instead.

This is what we learn from history. People tried hard to achieve something in history. Many of them vere very clever. They thought that cleverness alone could bring about:

success in anything. They

thought they could shape the world according to their

wishes. In the end, they found themselves shaped

the

invisible forces around them instead. Of course to a certain extent people

succeeded in achieving what they wanted. If success meant. just auch and such, no people would be disappointed, and the world would be a peaceful place. But people had higher and higher aims. It is perhaps the first step towards progress. Ask a child what he wants to become. Perhaps a doctor or an architect. When the child grows up, he would probably want to be a doctor lot or architect who makes a of money. I mean to say that. what people expect at a time may not be what they expect in future. They may change, just as conditions surrounding them always change. And unless we measure success in a limited way, there is no success inn the world. And all people in bistory would be losers,

There indeed were many many losers in history. Only the few successful people lett. behind them some records or deeds or words. That is how we know about them. People criticise that history is just. a study of successful people (in fact only a few successful people). This criticism is right. But as long as we remember this, either it's the enly way to know abount the past, or we simply ignore the past altogether.

So what we get from the study of history can best be expressed in the Chinese

phrase 謀事在人,成事在天

If we understand this, we will› not at some moment be angry, at some moment be happy, and at other noment be foolish. We will not be like those who look for some satisfaction in. saying ", nor will we feel that it's all your ow efforts when you become successful. Success at one time may be failure at another. A conservative who successfully checked the rise of new forces in the 19th century is now seen to have failed to be in line with new and progressive things.

And about the doctor who said he is interested only in problems of the future. Nothing can be more ridiculous, There's no need to say that e unless you understand the past you cannot understand the present. It is too common and you know it well, It is pore important to point out that those who like history can be conscious of present problems because the problems in history are often similar to the problems in everyday life.

We cannot escape from history, Governments are making their rule more solid by claiming to come from famous historical figures or forces. The Taiwanese government claimed to be the true heir of Dr.Sun Yat-sen, who helped overthrow the Ching Dynasty» So the government is the sightful one in history. The Communist government analyses history in terms of struggles between different sociul

classes. In effect, it is. saying that Communist rule

報日僑華

日期星

日九十月十年〇八九一

interdependent on one another.

Consumption:

represents the final result of these strugglès, what history finally comes to. Even the doctor who disliked history took an oath (swore) to be loyal to the medical profession when he first- became a doctor. This oath came from an ancient Greek thinker, that is, part of history itself. It is indeed a funny situation. The world continues to make use of history in many different ways, and yet people reject history as unprogressive. You will learn thut history is not in this column.

1981

中學會考試題預習專欄

經濟

王啓光 明德出版社陳勵德。

Consumption is defined as the process of

utilising a certain commodity

or service, from which

satisfaction is obtained by the person who uses it.

Consumption is necessary for each individual and it is the primary motive for a person to work.

As consumption occurs, utility is derived and the need for production arises.

9. Income and Expenditure Income: Income is defined

as the inflow of money or wealth to an individual or

th to an indiv

organisation, Income may arise.

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as an reward to land, labour,

ECONOMIC (2) K.K,Wong & L. T. Chan

MILL & DALE PRESS LTD Basic Concepts (Cont'd)

7. Price and value Price The price of a commodity is the sum of money which a person pays to a seller in order to obtain the ownership of the commodity. Thus, the price of a certain commodity is that the exchange value of it which is in terms of money.

The price of a

commodity is determined by supply and demand conditions in the free market. It tends to rise as demand exceeds supply, or fall as supply exceeds demand in the market,

However, price may not move freely in accordance with changes in demand and supply due to market imperfections or government interventions.

Despite the fact that price may not reflect the real market conditions, it still serve as an index for consumption, production, exchange, and resources allocation to certain extent. In a mixed economy, price plays a very important role indeed.

Value: For each commodity,

there are two kinds of value, which are known as 'value in use' and 'value in exchange".

The value in use of

a commodity is the total utility which it yields as it is used. It reflects the usefulness of the commodity.

The value in exchange of a commodity is the quantity of some other commodity for which the commodity can be exchange.

Thus, the exchange value of a commodity can be expressed in terms of units of some other commodity. It also can be expressed in terms of money, and is therefore called price.

The value in use! of a commodity may differ from its value in exchange', since the latter is usually affected by the market demand and supply conditions. The higher the marginal utility of a commodity, the higher its value in exchange' will be,

8. Production and Consumption Production:

Productected to the

is defined as any activity creation of goods or services with given resources.

Production involves changes in time, place, form, and shape of the resources. The main aim of production is to provide sufficient goods and services to satisfy human wants. There are three stages of production. They are primary, secondary, and tertiary production. They are

capital, entrepreneur, of a

transfer payment such as pension, social welfare assistance, or subsidy.

It is important to distinguish between real and money income. Real income is the amount of goods that can be purchased with the income. It reflects the real purchasing power of the income. Money income is the nominal value of the money. In time of inflation, real income may fall although money income remains

constant.

Expenditure: The outflow of money of a person or a firm is called expenditure. The expenditure can be of various forms. It may be spent on the consumption of certain commodities and services, or the instalments of producer goods for further production.

Whenever income exceeds expenditure, stock of capital increases because the remaining income which is not spent will add to the stock of capital.

10. Types of Economy

In general, there are three types of economy, They are free economy, mixed economy, and planned economy.

In a free economy, prices are freely determined by the interaction of demand and supply conditions of markets, There is no government Interventions on the economy at all. Production and consumption are directed by price. Decisions made by all producers and consumers”, are free from any Intervention from the government..

In a mixed economy, both private sector and the government take part in the economic activil les, The

es. T government imposes taxes on certain groups of individuals and business enterprises and spends public funds on certain public projects or schemes run by the government, On the other hand, private sector remains unaltered by the governmental actions. Businessmen still do their best in making profits, while consumers have freedom in consumption to certain extent.

In a planned economy, the government decides on what goods should be produced, what factors of production should be adopted and in what quantities. Consumers have to accept the supply of commodities and services at prices set by the government. In this economy, it is the government that dictates the production, consumption, distribution and employment of factors of

公年九十六國民華中育教偡葘3

production.

1981

中學會考試題預習專欄

附加數

-明德出版社岑彦僕提供資料 Add Maths. (2)

C. Y. Shum MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.

Solutions to Exercise

2.

En

Aus..

9.5

2a.5"-33.5",5-1

5" [25–33(3)]

(d)-3-2.3

3(6.3-)

Ans

25-7

og-15-21ugg = log2

32

100(22x7 (2) 2)

동]

32.75

108(333x22x81)

10g 243 16

10g2

R.S.

(a) loga+log(a+3) = 1

loga(s+3) (+3

Let

··10810

10

+3a-100 (a+5)(a−2) ► 0 2 or -5 -AN

10810

0: 9-X-

10810°

(x-3)(x+2)

2 or 3

100 or 1000.

Ans.

+21

15

Le

(y) +2(y)-15

(y+5) (y−3) + 0

3 or -5 (neglected}

Ane.

(5*)2+ 5-1

Let

+20y-125

125

(y+25)(y-5) ► 0

Ans.

(c) log,x−1 Tog 9

Tog-9

10g

(change the base x to 3)

7. (1063x)2-1083*

106332

Let y -100x

(y-2) (y+1) y 2 or

10gx=2 or log3x=-

x9 or

Ans.