有教僑華 莫三第張六第 日十初月九年申庚腦登 WAH KIU YAT PO
1981
李中學會考試題預習專欄
生
物
(二)
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BIOLOGY (2)
W W. Leung.
-MILL & DALE PRESS LTD,
'Unit 2: Plant Nutrition
1. The photomicrograph below
shows the photosynthetic part of a dicotyledonous leaf viewed in transverse section.
Upper epidermis
Stoma
Lower epidermis
Name V, W, X, Y and Z. Explain why the under side of a leaf usually looks paler than the upper side. (c) What is the function of
chlorophyll present in the chloroplasts?
(d) suggest two ways the leaf By may be affected if X is
absent.
(e) fitre three functions of 7
in relation to the two tissues found there.
Name two gases that pass out of the atoma during the night,
L(R) Give two reasons to
explain why leaves are generally thin and fint. 2. The rate of evolution of gas bubbles from a plant (hydrilla) in water and in dilute sodium bicarbonate solution with a light source at varying distances was measured. The following diagram shows the apparatus used.
Gas
Plant
· ·Lamp
10
Distance
The results are shown in the 14llowing table.
Distance (cs)
bubbles:
in water
An
10 20 30 40
30 26 168
1208050 |30|
gödium
per min. bicarbo.....
nate sol.
a)What physiological procens
of the plant is being investigated?
(b)(1)Name the gas collected
in the test-tube.
(2)llow would you test for
the gus?
(c)What is the purpose of varying the distance between the plant and the light source?
(d)Plot the results of this experiment on the graph- paper provided, on
(e)Describe and explain the
general relationship
between the rate of gan bubble evolution and the distance of the light
source.
(r) Describe and explain the
effect of sodium
Ma carbonate solution on
the ratė .of. Las bubble evolution,
(g)Using a similar set of
apparatus, how can you s prove light is essential for the evolution of gas bubbles?
ANSWERS:.
1. (a) V: Air-space
V. Spongy mesophyll cell X: Cuticle
Y: Palisade cell
7
Vascular bundle⠀
(b) Since the spongy
mesophyll cells contain fewer chloroplasts than the palisade cells, the under side of a lenf usually looks paler, (c) Chlorophyll traps light
energy and converts it. into chemical energy to form sugar.
(d) 1. Bacterial and fungal
infection.
2. An increase in water loss by evaporation. These result in leaf wilting.
Xylem in Z conducte water and salts from ruot to leaf, The xylem also helps in mechanical support of the leaf. Phloem in B conducts foods away from the leaf to other parts of the plant.
(1) Cabon dioxide and water
vapour.
(g) 1. This provides the
leaf afarge surface area to the light. The thinness
minimizes the distance over which diffusion of carbon dioxide has to take place.
2.(a) Photosynthesis.
(b)(1) Oxygen.
No. of bubbles/gin.
(2 Insert a glowing
splint into the test-tube. If the gas relights a glowing splint, it is oxygen (c) The purpose is to vary
the light intensity.
(a)
80
40
Sodi bicarbonate
the
(e) The rate of gas bubble evolution decreases as distance of light srce increases. It is because light provides the plaut energy necessary for photosynthesis. The rate of photosynthesis is therefore decreases as the energy input decreaBES (i.e. the distance of light source increa908). (f) It causes an increase in
the rate of bubble evolution. It is because the solution provides the plant a rich source of carbon dioxide v which is essential rav material for photosynthesis. (g) The apparatus can be
covered with a piece of black cloth to cut out the illumination of light on the plant. Then examine whether any uxygen is collected a few hours later.
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Geography (2))
Y. Y. Lee
MILE & DALE PRESS LTD.
Questiona for Revision:
3. The figure below shows the
tempë ra tures of three cities. wild their locations. Discuss the various factors giving rise to the differences in their temperatures,
CITIES
Tokyo
Jan, T. 3.0°C
Jul. T
25.0 0
L'anchow
28,5 c
Fouchow
11.6°C
27.9 c
4.
-30
FOOCHOW
Suggested Answers: 3. FACTORS GIVING RISE TO
DIFFERENCES IN TEMPERATURES
A) Latitude
Foochow is warmer than Tokyo and Lanchow in winters and hotter than they in summer. It is because they are located at different latitudes. Foochow being located at a lower latitude than the other two. cities, is heated more. intensively by the sun in both seasons. The sun's
rays, which fall on Foochow at u larger angle, bring more heat since they have travelled through a shorter distance in the atmosphere- and spread over a "smaller. area. The other two cities, On the oth
are located at higher latitudes, so the sun's rays fall more obliquely and less heat can be absorbed.
B) Distance from sea
Temperatures
Tokya and Lanchow are not the same although they are located at the same latitude Tokyo is wermer in vinter and cooler in summer than Lanchow, It is because"
air temperature of a place cán also be affected by its distance from sen. Tekyo is
located along the coast, Since water surface, heats up zorë slowly than sea in summer, it is cooler thana the land surface. If there is onshore wind, cooling- effect can be felt at coastal city as in Tokyo, While Lanchow, on the other band, experiences more extreme temperature because uf its interior posi
position, In winter, the heat of water. body is lost more slo ly than land, so there is
<warming effect brought
by the onshore wind and affects Tokyo. But for Lanchow, the warming effect cannot be felt and because land loses beat more rapidly, it is much colder than Tokyo,
C. Ocean current
The temperatures of
a coastal city as Tokyo can also be affected by warm and cold ocean currents such 48. the Kuro Shio and Oya Shìo, so the temperatures are not 80 extreme as those of Lanchow.
4. ISOTHERMS OF AN CONTINENT
日八十月十年〇八九一歷公年九十六國民華中
Consequently, the same
Above is a generalized pattern. of distribution for summer and winter isotherms as they may appear on a hypothetical continent in the Nurthern Hemisphere,
Describe the characteristics of summer and winter temperatures as shown by the pattern,
Account for such a distribution pattern.
Suggested Answers:
a. Characteristics
Comparison between the coast and interior
The isotherms, though in general run east-west, do not follow the parallels exactly. In winter, isotherms bend strongly equatorward, which means that temperatures along the coasts are warmer than those. of the interior. In summer, the reverse. is true.» isotherms bend strongly poleward, indicating that the coasts are much cooler: than the interior. (Fig.
CHARACTERISTICS. OF
INTER ISOTHERMS
ig. 2(b) CHARACTERISTICS OF
SUMMER ISOTHERMS
Winter To
10°C
B: -10°c
(A & Care warmer thần Bin winter
Summer
A:
B:
20°C
(A & Care cooler than Bin summer
Comparison between the West and East coasts
1) The isotherms strike the vestern coast at a much higher latitude, than the easte winter temperatures along the western coast are. warmer than the east
(Fig. 1(a), A is warmer than 6).
ii) The summer isotherms skew to the west- summer temperatures, on the western coast are cooler than the east, (Fig. 1(b), A is cooler than C).
b. Reasona
Reasons for the more extreme temperatures. the interior:-
The coastal regions experience warmer winter temperatures and cooler summer temperaturés since they can be modified by the ocean, Water codies are always warmer in winter and cooler in summer since they warm and cool more slowly than do land areas. There are three primary reasons for the contrasts in land
water temperatures;
and water is mobile and
experiences both vertical and horizontal movementa which distribute heut energy absorbed at the surface: throughout its masa, whereas insolation is absorbed by land only at the surface and is transmitted downward slowly by conduction.
ii) The specific heat of water is higher than that of land. That is, a given mass of water requires more heat energy to raige its
temperature 1 then does an equal mass of dry land.
amount of insolation will produce a higher temperature oua, Land surface than by a water surface. Conversely, in cooling, water will have
to lose a greater amount of heat than wiLI Band, Lo produce the same drop in temperature,
The general effect of the contrast in henting of land and water areas is to produce colder winters and hotter summers in the centre of continents than along coasts and over oceans. Coastal or marine climates tend to be moderate, expeiencing no great. extremes in either daily or annual temperature changes,
2. Reasons for the more.
favourable, climate of the western coast
The western coast of a continent always experiences a more climate. with a cooler summer and warmer winter than the east, It is primarily due to the effect of ocean current, which the effect is made more signigicant by the onshore prevailing windu, Through the horizontal transport of ocean water in the form of currents and drifts, heat is carried from one part of the earth to another. As all of us know that an ocean
current travelling towards pole will warm air which
Passes over it, producindamis
uir temperatures higher than that would normally be
expected for the latitude However, it should be noted
that neither oceans, nør ocean currents can have their maximum effect upon temperature unless the prevailing winds blow from water to the land. Prevailing wind direction and the movements of air masses have a direct influence upon the average temperature of an area. Below is a simplified diagram showing the flow of ocean currents and direction of prevailing winds (Fig. 2).
OCEAN CURRENTS AND PREVAILING WINDS
LAND
OCEAN
LAND
Westerlies
M.E.Trades
S.E.Trades
Westerlies
Warm Ocean Current
Cold Ocean Current Prevailing Winds
From the above diagram, we can see that winter temperatures of the Vestern coast, especially in higher latitudes, can be raised by the warm ocean current, of which warm air is brought to
the land by onshore- westerlies. In the northern part of the eastern coast, ocean current is folwing along, so
cold
temperature lower.
In summer, the southern part of the eastern coust in much hotter than in
corresponding latitude on west side of the contineht
since the warm air above the
warm water is brought
landward by the onshore
NE trades.
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