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艾政府優先給與國家巴士公司道路使用槛。提供土地,俾車麼,
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下週紛紛搬家.
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養羊埌方改建成爲遊人停車場。
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地理
(廿六):
明德出版社李婉儀提供資料
Geography (26)
Y. Y. Lee
Mill & Dale Press Ltd
51. Both Hong Kong and Japan
are important manufacturing countries in Asia, Compare. and contrast the reasons.for the rise of manufacturing industries in these two countries.
Suggested Answers
Hong Kong and Japan ai now important industrial countries in Asic. Buth of then experienced rapid industriül growth in the last 25 years. A comparison and contrast of the advantages and disadvantages the two countries- possess can be made an follow- Advantages:
1. Historical factors
In Hong Kong, industrial davelopment wa a totally new phase of economy emerged in the city since 1949. The turn was chiefly benefited" by: the political changes in the surrounding arena, Refore
1949,
the economy of Hong Kong mainly relied on entrepot trade, to
in vhich; and to China composed the largest sector. But the changes in China herself and the embargo on trade with China imposed by the western countries during the Korean War had led to a dramatic'
decrrase in the import-export trade with China. It was be becoming obviona that the colony could no longer rely on entrepot trade and had to, develop a new type of
productive activity to support the growing population, The solution turned out to bo
indus cas. Zati on.
The
Japan
quite
a different on
one. Although rapid industrial growth is also a post-war phenomenon, the country had already laid the basis for industrialization before the Second World War. This historical hertage, which meant also accumulation of technical experience, of course promised the country a good start in industrialization. Yet, the vers in Korea and Indo-China have also helped
a lot because the USA government bought cheaper ammunition and other requirement from Japan, 2. Supply of power resources
Hoth Hong Kong and Japan are relativley poor in the supply or power resources for industrial deveopment, Ju Hong Kong, no coal or petroleum is found, and there đa no, avift-flowing und large river to produen II.E.P. Fortunately, the problem can be easily alleviated be its being a route focus in the world. Adequate conl, petroleum and natural gas are supplied by ocean
I'n
the stock of
japans the transport.
energy foamurces is also in Marge measure neagre. -Among
the three common forms of power resources, 1.5.Putie the most promising. For cual,
the reserves are liruteû and are mostly poor in quality. Petroleum supplies are insut- ficient to meet the increasing demani, Thus, Cupar has to rely considerably on the importation of power resources from other countriea, especially oil from Middle East.
3. Supply of raw materials At Similar to the supply of power resources, Hong Kong produces scurecely any signi- fàcaut quantity of rAWAN- matérials for industry; llowever, contributed by ker! good harbour und well-equipped
Besides, due to the early start of industrialization, the Labour force in dapan quite skilful and is wellknown for imitation, 6. Capitale
Capital is sufficient in Hong Kong for the devcop nent of infustry. It is partly: One to the targe amount of capital which was carried down fron China hy the immigrants. Besides, Lier, political stability of Hong Kong; its relatively low, inenție and profit taxes and ita cheap and shundant labour also attract a lot of foreign capital to flow into the colony..
Capital is abundant in
transport, importation of raw anterials from Mainland. Chi na # well as other countries is easy.
facilities for distant ocennio Japan, too. The p
Japan is also seriously short of industrial mater Balá; but this does not cause great difficulty in "her industrial development tou, as it is not far from other Asiatic countries which are always good row material suppliers, raw materials can be casily obtained, est. rubber and tin fron Malaysia, cotton from Fudia and Pakistan,,
• Transportation system
birth control in
has slowered the population growth rate and reduce. fagit Esize, thus a large portion of householật invoce can he reserved as sayings and is Lucviuraged to juvest in the industrial sector. Financial. aid from the United States has been a drive of the Post-war industrial growth of
Sture very erge amount of foreign capital. is also obtained an attraeteil by her cheap anakifut
labour,
The dense population Hong Kong forms a very good. Vocal sarket. For the external market, Hong Kong
The Victoria Harbour - is. perhaps the greatest physical. endowment of Hong Kong. It is un excelleut natural harbour:
are generally welcome by the water in deep, It is well- other countries and ar sheltered on all sides, with
popular because of top-class small tidal range and is well
quality and competitive PTÁČPS, facilitated, Such a gond
lu spite of the quotas set up harbour, together with the [by the D., and USA etc., Hong up-to-date container cargo Long s1113 finds large external service; ita situation in the
markets in other countries, world snin routes; its freedom (such as those in South America, from import duties on most | Africa, Middle East and Sh* *** goods and its efficient marine police, u11 have helped a lot alleviating many of the problems. They render of ensy importation of raw material a
of finished and exportation products, futernal transport is also cuvenient, Linking up the industrial sectors nu both sides of the barhour, ferry bonts are in regular services. For Jand, transport, main roads, flyovers, tunnels are constructed,
Transportation in Japan
is excellent tou, Despire, the hilly nature of the country roads are constructed along the coast to link up the industrial regions, fer cheap oceanic transport also facilitates the import of raw materials and power and÷ the export of manufactured: goods.
5. Supply, of labour.
The early industrial development of Hong Kong way" *favoured by the spectacular influx of refugees from Mainland China, The dinne population provides sufflejent labour, họth skil fail and unshilful,
Asia, Besides, being a cember at the British Commonwealthi Hong Kong enjoya Prátish Commonwealth Freference.
Large market is also favailable in dupan, hith:
Internally externally, Ker dense population with highe consumption power forms good. internal market. The developing countries in Asia form favourable forožju markets for the Japanese manufactured goods-easily tíni Turgo markëta
in North Americi and other countries as well,
8. Encouragement and efforts
so the Governmout
at the sump time, govern- ment of both the two countries have done much in encouragine mus five Laring. In Hong kong, Funds were allocated for the development of industriað satellite Lawns, the water supply system wow improved, und, the güvernment algo participates in the various trade fairs to introduce the goods of Hong Kong to other countries,
In dapun, vast amount surplus in the national
-Thapar, people are costly income has been ploughing.
concentrated in great cities such as Tolyo, tisaka and Nagoya, The Jarge population of these cities also provide a large reservoir of labour. to work in the facturies.
hack in the development. of public utililios, much as ja the construction of bigbways. and railways, barbour facilities and water · supply projects, which have, in
turm, inducent
desetoment
private enterprises in, great strides A
Di suvanfuges:
However, there arutalser unfavourable factors which the ta countries have to face. The most important ones wre
1. 1äni to Industrial. Land
Supply
Both long Lung and Japan; -suffer
limited industrial Finel
because of their
nature, Jn Hong Kong
to solve the problem, the government has been.. trying ser best to provide, nes land, mainly by leveiling the hills and reclamation. Siatlai verks are Japan to0,
?. Shortage of law Materials,
aud Povog Tesnurces. Although the shortage, of raw materials for industrial growth can be offset by the conveniebre in transportation as discussed before, however, this cannot cut £le prublem to the root. Too muchi jepeulency on other sountries is nevertheless not secure di all, such as the present. energy crisis certainly giv a heavy blow upon their developneat,
52. The large scate development of industry in China Largery dates from the communist period beginning in 1949, Meny new industrial, regtons are developed under the recent industrial policy of 'China. TOCOver, Urunchi, the western province of Sinkiang began its industry in the late 50' u. Give an account of the
drawbacks which hintered the development of trumchi- Se Fire Inte=50W
list the favourable factors of the recents Endustrial dave lount indi Suggested Answer:
a. Hands caps in the past
The industrial prosth Ja Trunch, the sapi
ital of the far western province of Sinklang, is a relatively recent plennumeron. Its industrial devilopment before the late 50's was hindered hy some physical drashocks ar liäteil below:
1. trunchï, being sinated in Sinklang, is recote from China Proper. Before the war, rail- ways those western provinces vere wat well: constructed, Communication va« Vuernvenient.
In those days,
elfrute and relier unes favours development,
Lajes The region consists of high
and deep KORISTILIN-Tunges interfontane, hasini and, experiences an arid climate
b Factors" encouraging the
Post-war Industrial. Growth Urunchi da nov an i industrial contro furthe northwestern part of China wa favoured by the Eoiloving conditions i
rolitical and Strategie Importance
This industrial development. o? truachi, vas eliteffy curried -out for politics) and
strategic reasons. Situating
neur:
uliota
1ôm
Fetesting grounieh
near Lop: Nör, it is oft neation of strategie importance.
Commanding Position of Taportant foutes
trunchi„being a rap towa in Tien Shan, controls the. Tarira und -1zungarian Radiuse
Improvement in the ransportate tion with offer parts of China is more iwelsive, Vitr the f Construction on gànsu-sinki ang Pailway, Urumele vis now cus accessible. Besides, rouds are also, constructed to facilitate the transport of materials and products.
5. Sufficient. Pover Supply
cov Pétroleom.
oil is exploited ut karami, Fuchu and alsu, and is pipell to the refiners at Iruneli, Thermul electrici tv
is supplied,
Paver is also supplied from a newrby 1.1.P, station on the Potamolní River to the gonth.
4. Abundant Raw Materials
#. Agricultural Product
Africultura) products. can be obtained from the irrigated Tand in the oases. on the southern un Shor the IŠ slopes of Tien shant, such as thuse at Tur fan and. Hari, encourage industrial develops, ment, Findustrial crops - Sneh us fruite and cereals fi processing and cotton Lextiles are important.
$£LW@og timber
Softwood timber is produced from the coniferous forests on the surround íing. leigh mountains for pulp and. paper, and other timber based industries.
The rish oil reserve there supplies crude oiT för refinery amb íus |by-products for various
it chemical Industry,
Tron and coal
Hami
Tion and coal arg sup, lij from ste mines in the neiglis bourhood" arens, such na highe gruded iron ore nver frumchi onil Cruri za nearby city tron and steel plants outd agricultural machinery. factories are the ant up. 5. Reliable Water SUPDA
Since 1959, péservoirs have been constructed on the mountain, Slopes, to improve frrigation, e,g, the Leap. Forward Reservoir on they norskere slope of Ticu Shan nut
Far from Frunchi i f, Adequate Labour Supply
There has bente a
and, Oragedie
of young
region from China pri
Proper winne migaravion was enforced. They can: einfari the extreme climate-carditiens there,
7. Bucouragement end l'Eforts
of Governcient
Under u series of five yeure plans, works are done
in the prepïongs such as the building of rous ant rai Iways aud the intensive exploration for new resources. They a11. have helped a Tot in its Industrial developaunt.
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